The pricing of thermal energy is an important component the efficient operation heat supply system. article deals with calculation cost for consumers and producers as based on optimization problem modes system its further reduction to conditions optimality. latter be achieved basis Lagrange function, undetermined multipliers obtained in process interpreted nodal (marginal) prices heat. This app...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES It remains controversial whether splenic and nodal marginal zone B cells, monocytoid -, and epithelial-associated B cells represent separate B-cell subsets or just variants of the same population. To clarify this issue we studied the antigen profile and topographical distribution of these cell types. DESIGN AND METHODS We studied samples of toxoplasmic lymphadenopath...

Availability: Public (only once status above is "Accepted") The question whether marginal cost pricing should be applied in the transportation sector has attained a great deal of attention during the last few years. It is argued that marginal cost pricing, or marginal social cost pricing – a term used when one wishes to emphasise that the pricing is applied by a government / regulator – would s...

A standard result in regulation is that efficiency requires that marginal prices be set equal to marginal costs. This paper performs an empirical test of marginal cost pricing in the natural gas distribution market in the United States during the period 1989-2008. For all 50 states we reject the null hypothesis of marginal cost pricing. Departures from marginal cost pricing are particularly sev...

This paper addresses the toll pricing framework for the first-best pricing with logit-based stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) constraints. The first-best pricing is usually known as marginal-cost toll, which can be obtained by solving a traffic assignment problem based on the marginal cost functions. The marginal-cost toll, however, has rarely been implemented in practice, because it requires e...

price is one of the four elements of marketing mix. one of the important decisions any business faces is select pricing strategies that can be effective in achieving company goals. pricing methods are generally divided into cost-based and value-based methods. considering that the marginal cost of information goods is zero, the pricing methods of these goods is value-based. in this study, mtn ir...

The locational Marginal Pricing (LMP) is very important issue in deregulated environment. This paper provides a method to minimize the locational marginal pricing in the energy market. This market works under locational marginal pricing, i.e., generating units and demand loads are paid and pay, respectively, the locational marginal prices corresponding to the nodes they are connected to. An ind...