This paper seeks to analyse the role of institutions and entrepreneurship in the field of green innovation in Wales. Green innovation can be defined as innovations in environmentally responsible products and services that are both sustainable and contribute to reducing the impact of greenhouse gases (GHG) upon the environment. The paper adopts a standard co-evolutionary perspective that will ta...

In the last few years, we have gathered experience in measurement of 222 Rn in air, water and soil-gas by absorption in polycarbonates. The method employs the remarkable absorption ability to noble gases of some polycarbonates, like Makrolon ® (the basic constructive material of CDs/DVDs). This report summarizes the key results of research and practical applications of this method. Calibration ...

Ultrafast extreme ultraviolet (XUV) sources with a controllable polarization state are powerful tools for investigating the structural and electronic as well as the magnetic properties of materials. However, such light sources are still limited to only a few free-electron laser facilities and, very recently, to high-order harmonic generation from noble gases. Here we propose and numerically dem...

Spin-exchange optical pumping of mixtures of alkali-metal vapors and noble gases can be used to efficiently polarize the nuclei of the noble-gas atoms. Liters of noble gases at standard temperature and pressure and with nuclear spin polarizations of several tens of percent are now used in many applications. The authors describe the basic phenomena that govern the spin-exchange process and revie...

Response characteristics of radiation survey instruments immersed in environments containing 85Kr or 133Xe gases were studied. The instruments were exposed to each of the noble gases at the center of a spherical chamber with a radius of 82.8 cm. The radiation survey instruments from Eberline1 (models RO-2, RO-3) with an ion chamber detector, and Technical Associates2 (model TBM3) and Ludlum3 (m...

Noble gases are known for their inertness. They do not react chemically with any element at normal temperature and pressure. Through that, some of them are known to be biologically active by their sedative, hypnotic and analgesic properties. Common inhalation anesthetics are characterized by some disadvantages (toxicity, decreased cardiac output, etc). Inhalation of xenon introduces anesthesia ...

Rydberg spectral lines of an atom are sometimes superimposed on the continuous spectrum of a different configuration. Effects of interaction among different configurations in one of these cases are theoretically investigated, and a formula is obtained that describes the behavior of absorption spectrum intensity. This offers qualitative justification of some experimental results obtained by BEUT...