There exist techniques for decision making under speci c types of uncertainty, such as probabilistic, fuzzy, etc. Each of the corresponding ways of describing uncertainty has its advantages and limitations. As a result, new techniques for describing uncertainty appear all the time. Instead of trying to extend the existing decision making idea to each of these new techniques one by one, we attem...

A sequence X = {xi}i=1 over an alphabet containing t symbols is t-universal if every permutation of those symbols is contained as a subsequence. Kleitman and Kwiatkowski showed that the minimum length of a t-universal sequence is (1−o(1))t2. In this note we address a related Ramsey-type problem. We say that an r-coloring χ of the sequence X is canonical if χ(xi) = χ(xj) whenever xi = xj . We pr...

clostridium perfringens is an important cause of bacterial food poisoning worldwide. the disease is caused by c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) encoded by cpe gene. the aim of this research was to identify the different types of c. perfringens and the presence of cpe gene in isolated bacteria from broilers’ meat marketed in retail meat shops of mashhad city in northeastern of iran. after isolati...

Developers using statically typed languages such as C and Java increasingly have to interoperate with APIs and object models defined in dynamic languages. This impedance mismatch results in code that is difficult to understand, awkward to analyze, and expensive to maintain. In this paper we describe new features in C4.0 that support the safe combination of dynamically and statically typed code ...

Data Types in C++ | Lesson 01 | Sets | Page 1 It is a common programming need to keep track of a collection of things. In this case, we do not need to keep track of the order of the collection, but rather what is contained in the collection. Consider, for example, a collector of baseball cards. The collector cares less about the order in which the cards were acquired, rather only what has been ...