Endogenous eukaryotic RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs) produce double-stranded RNA intermediates in diverse processes of small RNA synthesis in RNA silencing pathways. RDR6 is required in plants for posttranscriptional gene silencing induced by sense transgenes (S-PTGS) and has an important role in amplification of antiviral silencing. Whereas RDR1 is also involved in antiviral defense in p...

Phytophthora infestans, the agent of potato and tomato late blight disease, produces a 10-kD extracellular protein, INF1 elicitin. INF1 induces a hypersensitive response in a restricted number of plants, particularly those of the genus Nicotiana. In virulence assays with different P. infestans isolates, five Nicotiana species displayed resistance responses. In all of the interactions, after ino...

Spinach Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) large (rbcL) and small (rbcS) subunits were separated by SDS-PAGE, and protein amount and purity were determined by Bradford assay. Polyclonal antibodies against rbcL and rbcS subunit were generated in female BALB/c mice and had no cross-reaction with each other. A total of 81 microg antigens were used and 0.3 ml anti-sera with t...

Plant-based expression systems provide an alternative biomanufacturing platform for recombinant proteins (Matoba et al., 2011). In particular, plant virus-based vectors can overexpress proteins within days in the leaf tissue of Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana). To overcome the issues of genetic instability and limited infectivity of recombinant viruses, Agrobacterium-mediated delivery of ...

Abstract Plants can be used to recombinantly produce high-quality biopharmaceuticals, such as therapeutic proteins and vaccines, also known plant molecular farming (PMF). Recent advances in engineering places PMF amongst the most innovative manufacturing technologies that reduce cost shorten production timeline. State-of-the-art uses a dual-approach strategy optimize generation of products, nam...

Glucosinolates are natural products characteristic of the Brassicales order, which include vegetables such as cabbages and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Glucoraphanin is the major glucosinolate in broccoli and associated with the health-promoting effects of broccoli consumption. Toward our goal of creating a rich source of glucoraphanin for dietary supplements, we have previously report...