background: biting habit of mosquitoes plays an important role in the epidemiology of mosquito-borne diseases. mosquitoes use a set of elaborate sensory modalities to find their preferred hosts by exploiting cues emanating from a nearby host. it has been suggested that the chemical profile of skin can provide further support for anthropophilic mosquito species to find their suitable hosts. this...

Five smut fungi viz. Microbotryum scorzonerae on Scorzonera caliculata, Sporisorium aristidae-lanuginosae on Stipagrostisplumosa, Sporisorium desertorum on Lasiurus sindicus, Sporisorium foveolati on Dichanthium foveolatum,and Sporisorium vanderystii on Hyparrhenia hirta are reported for the first time for Iranian mycobiota. Sporisorium foveolati is also probably new to Asia. Bellevalia saviczi...

a list of 20 species of the subfamily tephritinae (diptera: tephritidae) from the urmia region (azarbaijan-e gharbi province, iran) is presented. the specimens were collected during 2005-2008 from six different localities. adults were obtained from overwintering and mature seed heads of 17 plant species of asteraceae. the species, urophora xanthippe (munro, 1934) is newly recorded for the fauna...

Dynamic signaling networks are required to perform complex cellular processes. Structural and functional data now indicate the intriguing possibility that extracellular bacterial pathogens use catalytic scaffolds to assemble unique supramolecular signaling networks that effectively subvert key cellular processes in the host.

linguatula serrata is one of the important zoonotic parasites. carnivores serve as definitive host. the larvae existed in mesenteric lymph nodes (mlns), liver, lungs, etc of intermediate herbivores. the definitive host becomes infected by ingesting viscera containing the infective nymphal stage. humans may be infected with linguatula either by ingestion of nymphs resulting in a condition called...

In 1909, several years before the famous `Organizer’ experiments of Spemann and Mangold, Ethel Browne demonstrated induction of a secondary axis in hydra by grafting a hypostome. Based on this and subsequent work, in the late sixties, Lewis Wolpert proposed the theory of morphogen gradients and positional information. We have studied secondary axis induction by hypostome and foot tissue using t...