Two models are presented of real-time exchange and price adjustment for a system of interrelated markets mediated by trade specialists. The first (MBM) features partially decentralized barter exchange in which specialists continuously maintain inventories and periodically adjust prices. A 'correspondence principle' yields existence and efficiency of (steadystate) equilibrium. Local stability fo...

Abstract The principal of neutrality is a key principle the European Union (EU) Value Added Tax (VAT) system. concept tax has number dimensions and meanings. purpose article to examine whether shapes main elements VAT structure, what concepts are proper shape each those elements, how affects elements. method adopted for examination doctrinal – analysis Directive provisions (using formal-dogmati...

This research is entitled” Principle of Competitive Neutrality for State-Owned Enterprises to an Access Justice on Business Practices”. The background the problem in this dissertation that business competition conducted by (SOE’s) against private actors not neutral or fair, so it needs be based principle competitive neutrality. neutrality law companies must compete basis superiority their produ...

This paper examines neutrality, understood as a necessary requirement for law’s legitimacy. In the conventional, liberal formulation of it, law must neither favor nor depend on any particular conception good. Taking into consideration critique that principle neutrality has received, from within liberalism well rival perspectives, authors search an alternative. The proposed solution is Model Neu...

⎯ This paper studies the impact of peer-to-peer (p2p) applications on network operators. P2p applications affect the way network resources are used, changing traffic behaviour at access, edge and peering levels. In particular, they make up overlay networks with topology decoupled from the underlying physical networks: a consequence is inefficiency and higher link loads at edge and peering level...

Evolutionary robotics has successfully exploited the principle of natural selection. This approach places great importance in understanding the dynamics of the evolutionary process. Increasing amount of research points towards selective neutrality as an important and beneficial factor in evolution. Among other things, it eliminates the picture of populations becoming trapped on local hilltops. ...

This article studies situations in which information is ambiguous and only part of it can be probabilized. It is shown that the information can be modeled through belief functions if and only if the nonprobabilizable information is subject to the principles of complete ignorance. Next the representability of decisions by belief functions on outcomes is justified by means of a neutrality axiom. ...

As the European Commission’s antitrust investigation against Google approaches its final stages, its contours and likely outcome remain obscure and blurred by a plethora of nonantitrust-related arguments. At the same time, the initial focus on search neutrality as an antitrust principle seems to have been abandoned by the European Commission, in favour of a more standard allegation of ‘exclusio...

training sessions on knowledge, referrals and values clarification on medication abortion (MA) was used to document the efficacy of the intervention within a model of harm reduction to prevent unsafe abortion. Methods: Fifty-five of 80 trained pharmacists completed anonymous surveys in 2010; 53 pharmacists were interviewed 1 year later to measure the retention and effectiveness of the intervent...