introduction: dark neurons which their morphological characteristics are consistent with those of cells undergoing apoptosis, are generated as an acute or delayed consequence of several pathological situations. the present study was designed to evaluate whether inflammatory pain regarding the role of no and jnk lead to the formation of dark neurons in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord i...

The results of psychophysical studies suggest that displacement velocity may contribute significantly to the sensation of subcortical somatosensory neurons. The cortical correlates of these phenomena, however, are not known. In the present study the responses of rapidly adapting (RA) neurons in the forelimb region of cat primary somatosensory cortex (SI) to controlled displacement of skin and h...

Hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are critical for controlling homeostatic functions in mammals. We used a transgenic mouse model in which the POMC neurons were labeled with enhanced-green fluorescent protein (EGFP) to perform visualized, whole-cell patch recordings from pre-pubertal female hypothalamic slices. The mouse POMC-EGFP neurons expressed the same endogenous conductance ...

Several studies revealed that orexins may take part in the regulation of the different forms of affective and cognitive processes during wakefulness. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as an important part of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) have a crucial role in cognitive processes such as reward and decision-making and has a high density of orexin receptor type 1 (...

spasticity is one of the common complications in upper motor neuron lesions and without appropriate treatment it causes disturbances in movement pattern. assessments of patients are effective in patient`s management. modified ashworth scale (mas) is one of the criteria in qualitative assessment of spasticity, and there are lots of controversies about its validity. the purpose of this study is t...

introduction: repetitive cortical spreading depression (csd) can lead to cell death in immature brain tissue. caspases are involved in neuronal cell death in several csd-related neurological disorders. yet, whether repetitive csd itself can induce caspase activation in adult or juvenile tissue remains unknown. inducing repetitive csd in somatosensory cortices of juvenile and adult rats in vivo,...

Heart contains a variety of neurons known to influence cardiac functions. Little is known about the neurochemistry of these neurons. In this study, neurochemistry of intra cardiac neurons of the intrinsic cardiac ganglia was investigated. The technique used allows studying the morphology of the ganglionated nerve plexus found within the atria and great cardiac vessels as well as of individual n...

language is primarily constituted by action and interaction based on sensorimotor information. this paper demonstrates the nature of subjectivity and intersubjectivity through the neural mechanism and typological evidence of sentence-final particles from east asian languages and extends to the discussion of the relationship between them. i propose that intersubjecivity is a kind of embedded or ...

background: primary cultures of embryonic neurons have been used to introduce a model of neurons in physiological and pathological conditions. however, age-related cellular events limit this method as an optimal model in adult neurodegenerative diseases studies. besides, short-interval changing media in previous cultures decreases the effectiveness of this model. as an example of this matter, w...