objective: the neural crest is a transient structure of early vertebrate embryos that generates neural crest cells (nccs). these cells can migrate throughout the body and produce a diverse array of mature tissue types. due to the ethical and technical problems surrounding the isolation of these early human embryo cells, researchers have focused on in vitro studies to produce nccs and increase t...

rotating machines in particular induction electrical machines are important industry instruments. in manufacturing, electrical motors are exposed to many damages, and this causes stators and rotors not to work correctly. in this paper we addressed modal analysis and an intelligent method to detect motor load condition and also the stator faults such as turn-to-turn and coil-to-coil faults using...

Neural crest cells form at the border between the neural plate and the epidermis. The tissue interactions that underlie neural crest cell induction have been investigated primarily by heterotopic grafting experiments in vivo and by conjugating different tissues in vitro. Three models have been proposed to explain the induction of neural crest cells at the neural plate border, i.e. (1) the influ...

During neural induction, the embryonic neural plate is specified and set aside from other parts of the ectoderm. A popular molecular explanation is the 'default model' of neural induction, which proposes that ectodermal cells give rise to neural plate if they receive no signals at all, while BMP activity directs them to become epidermis. However, neural induction now appears to be more complex ...

We have investigated the molecular interactions underlying neural crest formation in Xenopus. Using chordin overexpression to antagonize endogenous BMP signaling in whole embryos and explants, we demonstrate that such inhibition alone is insufficient to account for neural crest induction in vivo. We find, however, that chordin-induced neural plate tissue can be induced to adopt neural crest fat...