cell population, and with each step, the process shows an increased probability of evolving ultimately into a malignant neoplastic population. Thus, the carcinogenic process (with many types of etiological agents) appears to be one of cellular evolution (23) based upon repeated selection of rare cells (4, 31,57), with increasing relevance to cancer as the system evolves through the noncancerous...

sia” in the paper by Ciurea et al1 should be replaced by “neoplastic accumulation of megakaryocytes.” The process is an accumulation of neoplastic, not hyperplastic, megakaryocytes as a result of an increased clonal production of megakaryocytes and a decrease in apoptotic signaling in the neoplastic megakaryocytes, as they have skillfully confirmed. The correct use of the term hyperplasia in no...

sia” in the paper by Ciurea et al1 should be replaced by “neoplastic accumulation of megakaryocytes.” The process is an accumulation of neoplastic, not hyperplastic, megakaryocytes as a result of an increased clonal production of megakaryocytes and a decrease in apoptotic signaling in the neoplastic megakaryocytes, as they have skillfully confirmed. The correct use of the term hyperplasia in no...

aim: thyroid scan with sestamibi is used for evaluation of thyroid nodules with the aim of increasing specificity before surgery. in this study we evaluated the role of sestamibi thyroid scan in candidates for thyroid surgery. methods and patients: during two years, 37 patients were studied with solitary thyroid nodules, referred for thyroid surgery due to malignant or suspicious fnab results (...

background: during the past few years, hesa-a, a herbal-marine mixture, has been used to treat cancer as an alternative medicine in iran. however, weight of the evidence is not sufficient to accept or refuse the use of this compound as a cytotoxic drug. we investigated the selective anticancer effects of hesa-a on breast, prostate, colon, and glioblastoma multiforme (gbm) neoplastic cell lines....

Neoplastic meningitis is the infiltration of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space by tumor cells occurring in 3% to 5% of patients with systemic malignancies. Most cases present with multifocal neurological symptoms that vary according to the central nervous system territory involved. Here, we describe the first reported case to our knowledge of neoplastic meningitis causing bilateral vocal...

Cancer is typically scrutinized as a pathological process characterized by chromosomal aberrations and clonal expansion subject to stochastic Darwinian selection within adaptive cellular ecosystems. Cognition based evolution is suggested as an alternative approach to cancer development and progression in which neoplastic cells of differing karyotypes and cellular lineages are assessed as self-r...