Directed graph representations of brain networks are increasingly being used to indicate the direction and level of influence among brain regions. Most of the existing techniques for directed graph representations are based on time series analysis and the concept of causality, and use time lag information in the brain signals. These time lag-based techniques can be inadequate for functional mag...

The relationship is studied between possibility and necessity measures defined on arbitrary spaces, the theory of imprecise probabilities, and elementary random set theory. It is shown how special random sets can be used to generate normal possibility and necessity measures, as well as their natural extensions. This leads to interesting alternative formulas for the calculation of these natural ...

in this paper after a general literature review on the concept of efficient frontier (ef), an important inadequacy of the variance based models for deriving efs and the high necessity for applying another risk measure is exemplified. in this regard for this study the risk measure of lower partial moment of the first order is decided to replace variance. because of the particular shape of the pr...

BACKGROUND Patients' beliefs about treatment influence treatment engagement and adherence. The Necessity-Concerns Framework postulates that adherence is influenced by implicit judgements of personal need for the treatment (necessity beliefs) and concerns about the potential adverse consequences of taking it. OBJECTIVE To assess the utility of the NCF in explaining nonadherence to prescribed m...

We investigate the x log x condition for a general (Crump–Mode– Jagers) multi-type branching process with arbitrary type space by constructing a size-biased population measure that relates to the ordinary population measure via the intrinsic martingale Wt. Sufficiency of the x log x condition for a non-degenerate limit of Wt is proved and conditions for necessity are investigated. GENERAL BRANC...

Three types of tissue samples--umbilical cord (UC), umbilical cord serum (CS), and maternal serum (MS)--have often been used to assess fetal exposure to chemicals. In order to know the relationship of contamination between mothers and fetuses, we measured persistent chemicals in comparable sets of the three tissue samples. Also, we analyzed the association between the chemicals in maternal and ...

This paper considers two general 0-1 random fuzzy programming problems based on the degree of necessity which include some previous 0-1 stochastic and fuzzy programming problems. The proposal problems are not well defined due to including randomness and fuzziness. Therefore, by introducing chance constraint and fuzzy goal for the objective function, and considering the maximization of the aspir...

Across the farmlands of the world, climate change overshadows an ecological and cultural crisis of unequaled scale: soil erosion, loss of wild biodiversity, poisoned land and water, salinization, nitrates, expanding dead zones, the loss of farmers, and demise of rural communities. Rapid climate change seems certain to amplify the consequences, but it would be a crisis regardless. The same thing...

This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of last necessity its characteristics. In cases necessity, if danger can be prevented by other means or stated damage exceeds damage, such to rights interests protected law is considered a deviation from limit specific features. Also, in article, author considers following committed case necessity: first, social relations due necessity...