In this paper, we analyze structural changes in long-term contracts in the international trade of natural gas. Using a unique data set of 262 long-term contracts between natural gas producers and importers, we estimate the impact of different institutional, structural and technical variables on the duration of contracts. We find that contract duration decreases as the market structure of the in...

The imposition of environmental regulations, such as greenhouse gas charges, to domestic manufacturing traditionally creates concerns over the impacts of those regulations on international competition and downstream product prices. The US Nitrogen fertilizer industry, an energy-intensive trade-exposed industry, has been considered by conventional metrics to be one of the most vulnerable to such...

the request for natural gas attention to its adaption with environment and less pollution than the other fossil fuels has the highest growth in last decades. in result this energy has high geopolitical importance. iran with has about 2.18 percent of total world reserves, the largest in the world. but couldn't played important role in the natural gas geopolitics and even it hasn't in b...

This paper presents results of simulating a more collusive behavior of a group of natural gas producing and exporting countries, sometimes called GASPEC. We use the World Gas Model, a dynamic, strategic representation of world gas production, trade, and consumption between 2005 and 2030. In particular, we simulate a closer cooperation of the GASPEC countries when exporting pipeline gas and liqu...

Numerous models are proposed to model international trade and promote it. Vanek, instead of designing a trade pattern based on the production, introduced a pattern based on the factor content of trade. In the present study, apart from the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV) theorem, we attempt to determine the factor content of Iran's trade without factor price equalization by using internal input-outp...

use of zinc and iron oxide are common in the desulfurization process from natural gas. in thisresearch, after determinations of the size and specifications through tem and xrd for each of the metaloxides, two different size ratios were used, 0.66 for zinc oxide and 0.142 for iron oxide. further, absorption of sulfur compounds in gas (hydrogen sulfide (h2s), carbonyl sulfide (cos), methyl mercap...

compressibility factor and viscosity of natural gasses are of great importance in petroleum and chemical engineering. to calculate the natural gas properties in the pipelines, storage systems and reservoirs, the exact values of gas compressibility factor and viscosity are required. a new method that allows accurate determination of compressibility factor and gas viscosity for all types of: swee...

The international liquefied natural gas (LNG) trade is expanding rapidly. Projects are being proposed worldwide to meet the industry forecasted growth rate of 12 percent by the end of the decade. LNG train designs in the coming years appear to fall within three classes, having nominal capacities of approximately 3.5, 5.0, and 8.0 million tons per annum (MTPA). These designs may coexist in the c...