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ing from the statistical detail of these changes, the cautionary implication for policy-makers is clear: to the extent that inputs like the economy’s growth rate are used in the policy formation process, the substantial inherent uncertainty surrounding such data needs to be recognised. This uncertainty complicates the task of responding to the ‘true’ state of the economy, and suggests the dange...

The first part aimed at initiating a European database of empirical critical loads of nitrogen. Empirical critical loads are based on effects of (elevated) nitrogen deposition on ecosystems. A compilation of all relevant studies led to well established ranges (UBA, 2004). The value for the empirical critical load can be picked from this range, depending on other local factors, such as temperatu...