H>9=B$%G!<%?$KBP$9$k8!:w$r5-=R$9$k>l9g!$%G!<%?$N9=B$$,IT5,B’$G$"$kE@$H!$$"$i$+$8$aM?$($i $l$?%9%-!<%^$,$J$$E@$,LdBj$H$J$k!%$3$l$^$G$KDs0F$5$l$F$$$kH>9=B$%G!<%?$N$?$a$N8!:w8@8l$G $O!$$3$l$i$NLdBj$r%o%$%k%I%+!<%I$rF3F~$9$k$3$H$G2r7h$7$F$$$k!%$7$+$7!$A4BN$N%G!<%?9=B$$,$o $+$i$J$$>uBV$G8!:w$r5-=R$9$k>l9g!$%o%$%k%I%+!<%I$,;W$o$L%G!<%?$K%^%C%A$7!$8!:w7k2L$KITI,MW $J%G!<%?$^$G4^$^$l$F$7$^$&$3$H$,$"$k!...

Arsenic-induced altered microglial activity leads to neuronal death, but the causative mechanism remains unclear. The present study showed, arsenic-exposed (10 μM) microglial (N9) culture supernatant induced bystander death of neuro-2a (N2a), which was further validated with primary microglia and immature neuronal cultures. Results indicated that arsenic-induced GSH synthesis by N9 unfavorably ...

Three protonated forms of 7-methylguanine (7-MeGH, 1) with different counter ions, [7-MeGH(2)]X (X = NO(3), 1a; ClO(4), 1b; BF(4), 1c) and two Pt(II) complexes, trans-[Pt(NH(3))(2)(7-MeGH-N9)(2)](ClO(4))(2) (4) and trans-[Pt(NH(3))(2)(7-MeGH-N9)(7-MeGH-N3)](ClO(4))(2)·3H(2)O (5) are described and their X-ray crystal structures are reported. 1a-1c form infinite ribbons via pairs of intermolecula...

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) was shown to be associated with longer reflex response latencies of trunk muscles during external upper limb perturbations. One theoretical, but rarely investigated possibility for longer reflex latencies might be related to modulated somatosensory information processing. Therefore, the present study investigated somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) to median nerv...

Various forms of purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) were used as catalysts of enzymatic ribosylation of selected fluorescent 8-azapurines. It was found that the recombinant calf PNP catalyzes ribosylation of 2,6-diamino-8-azapurine in a phosphate-free medium, with ribose-1-phosphate as ribose donor, but the ribosylation site is predominantly N7 and N8, with the proportion of N8/N7 ribosylate...

Microglial cells play a critical role in mediating central nervous system inflammatory processes. Activated microglial cells induced by proinflammatory factor, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), release many kinds of neurotoxic cytokines including reactive oxygen species (ROS) which contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Puerarin, extracted from kudzu root, possesses the ...

Inflammatory activation of microglia and β amyloid (Aβ) deposition are considered to work both independently and synergistically to contribute to the increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies indicate that long-term use of phenolic compounds provides protection against AD, primarily due to their anti-inflammatory actions. We previously suggested that phenolic compound curcumin ...

Identification of mediators triggering microglia activation and transference of noncoding microRNA (miRNA) into exosomes are critical to dissect the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration. We used lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced N9 microglia activation to explore new biomarkers/signaling pathways and to identify inflammatory miRNA (inflamma-miR) in cells and their derived exosomes. Upregula...

A hepatitis C virus genotype 2a subgenomic replicon, JFH-1 replicon, was previously established using the consensus sequence of clone JFH-1 from a patient with fulminant hepatitis and, in a previous report, was indicated to replicate efficiently in Huh7. Here the replication of JFH-1 replicon was tested in HepG2, a human hepatocyte-derived cell line, and in IMY-N9, a cell line developed by fusi...

This study investigated the effects of different concentrations of oxygen exposure on the morphology and function of N9 microglia and analyzed its mechanisms. N9 microglia were cultured under the condition of high (95% O2 and 5% CO2), normal (95% air and 5% CO2) and low oxygen (95% CO2 and 5% O2) concentrations. The cell morphologies were observed under inverted phase contrast microscope after ...