AIM The development of the 6-factor, 27-item Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory (MDI) was based on Lantz et al. proposed model of characteristics associated with Muscle Dysmorphia. METHODS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN quantitative procedures including item-to-total correlations, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and structure equation modeling confirmed the construct validity of the scale. Con...

We have read with interest the article entitled "The misuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids among Iranian recreational male body-builders and their relation with psycological, social and demographic factors" (1). Although the obtained results were enriching for the understanding of the problem in Iran, like the authors, we also believe that a more adecuate questionnaire could be used instead of...

AUTHOR:e-mail address please Recently more men have reported a desire for larger, more muscular bodies. Muscle dysmorphia (MD) is a new syndrome in which individuals (usually men), although highly muscular, have a pathological belief that they are of very small musculature. As more men are motivated to take up training with weights in order to develop greater musculature, more cases of MD are l...

This commentary addresses a recent article on the characterization of muscle dysmorphia as an addiction. The commentary examines the larger issue of the possible relationship of compulsions to addictions. It also questions whether understanding the heterogeneity within disorders may be a useful tactic to develop more targeted treatment approaches.