In this paper, a robust cyclic ADC architecture with βencoder is proposed and circuit scheme using switched-capacitor (SC) circuit is introduced. Different from the conventional binary ADC, the redundancy of proposed cyclic ADC outputs β-expansion code and has an advantage of error correction. This feature makes ADC robust against the offset of comparator capacitor mismatch and finite DC gain o...

M yosins are a diverse family of actin-based molecular motors that appeared early in eukaryotic evolution. Just how early, and how diverse, has begun to become clear from work that appears in this issue of PNAS (1) and recent work from Nature (2). For most of its existence, the term ‘‘myosin’’ applied only to the actinactivated ATPase that forms the bipolar thick filaments of muscle and the cyt...

The goal of the present paper is to obtain accurate estimates for the complexity of two practical multiplication methods: standard (school) and Karatsuba [1]. Here, complexity is the minimal possible number of gates in a logic circuit implementing the required function over the basis {AND,OR,XOR,NAND,NOR,XNOR}. One can find upper estimates for the said methods e.g. in [2]. The standard method h...