A combination of Auger electron spectroscopy and temperature-programed desorption was used to characterize the growth and interaction of Pd films with positively and negatively terminated ferroelectric LiNbO3(0001) surfaces. The growth mode of vapor-deposited Pd layers at 300 K was found to be dependent on the direction of the ferroelectric polarization with layer-by-layer growth occurring on t...

luminescence dating is now an important element in the suite of quaternary geochronological methods. the major area of growth in the past two decades has been its application to quaternary sediments, where the method provides an absolute age for the last exposure of the constituent grains to daylight.such deposits are generally composed of wind-blown sediment grains that have been exposed to su...

electromagnetic methods are widely used for the study of subsurface resistivity structures. these methods are based on the response of the subsurface structures to electromagnetic fields. the magnetotelluric (mt) method is an electromagnetic technique that uses the natural, time varying electric and magnetic field components measured at right angles to the surface of the earth, to make inferenc...

1. introduction how people manage risks and which variables influence on the process of risk management play a crucial role in providing productive urban disaster management and increasing public participation in the urban risk management programs. the purpose of this study is to better understand the motivations of residents in adopting reduction risk behaviors to protect themselves and their ...

structural evolution of alborz has already been mentioned by many researchers all over the world. central alborz is located in the bending of the eastern and the western alborz. damavand volcano is situated in the bending part along the great and active faults such as mosha, north of baijan, ask, nava and ira. the nava and ira faults are in the eastern side of damavand volcano with a trend of e...

Vajedian et al. [1] present an improved method for the derivation of deformation parameters using satellite Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data. The method is a modification of the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) method as implemented in the StaMPS (Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers) software. The modification includes many steps including the filtering of the differentia...

Resistance to the combination sulphadoxine– pyrimethamine (SP) is increasing.1–3 This is the favoured compound for intermittent preventive treatment (IPT; administration of an antimalarial at prespecifi ed intervals to prevent malaria). Gosling and colleagues report on the failure of IPT in infants (IPTi) with SP (−6.7%; 95% CI −45.9% to 22.0%) in Northern Tanzania in the same issue of a journa...