background: the memory impairment, obtained from intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of streptozotocin (stz) in rats through activation of oxidative stress, is accepted as sporadic alzheimer’s disease (ad) model in most experimental studies. dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) as a solvent is widely used in animal studies to have antioxidant effects as well. however, no report is available about dm...

background: the rosemary extract (re) possesses various antioxidant, cytoprotective and cognition-improving bioactivities. in this study, we postulated which doses of re have a more effect on the hippocampus of middle-aged rats.   methods : in this experimental study, thirty-two middle-aged male wistar rats were fed by different doses (50,100 and 200 mg/kg/day) of re (containing 40% carnosic ac...

The Morris water maze is widely used to study spatial memory and learning. Animals are placed in a pool of water that is colored opaque with powdered non-fat milk or non-toxic tempera paint, where they must swim to a hidden escape platform. Because they are in opaque water, the animals cannot see the platform, and cannot rely on scent to find the escape route. Instead, they must rely on externa...

objective(s): leptin is a hormone secreted by adipose tissue and is involved not only in the regulation of feeding and energy expenditure, but also its role in memory enhancement has been demonstrated as well. the partial transfer of leptin across the blood-brain barrier in obese individuals causes leptin resistance and prevents leptin reaching brain. on the other hand, studies have shown that ...

objective(s):global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury causes loss of pyramidal cells in ca1 region of hippocampus. in this study, we investigated the possible neuroprotective effects of the ethanol extract of cyperus rotundus (eecr) on a model of global transient ischemia in rat, by evaluating the pathophysiology of the hippocampal tissue and spatial memory. materials and methods: treatment ...

introduction: the n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptors, which have been implicated in memory formation, could be noncompetitively blocked by ketamine. the present study examines the short term effect of ketamine on induction of anterograde and retrograde amnesia in male rats using morris water maze (mwm). methods: male n-mri rats were randomly divided into nine experimental groups. mwm studies...

introduction: alzheimer’s disease (ad) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease, which impairs memory and cognitive function. walnuts are a dietary source of polyphenols, antioxidants and other compounds with health beneficial effects. these characteristic of walnuts make them perfect candidates for evaluation of their possible effects on neurodegenerative diseases. therefore the present stu...

The Morris water maze is a spatial abilities test adapted from the animal spatial cognition literature and has been studied in the context of sex differences in humans. This is because its standard design, which manipulates proximal (close) and distal (far) cues, applies to human navigation. However, virtual Morris water mazes test navigation skills on a scale that is vastly smaller than natura...

The present study examined for the first time whether a Morris water-maze can be used to explore compass and other orientation mechanisms in the ruin lizard Podarcis sicula. In the open field, during sunny days, lizards were individually trained to swim from the center of the water maze onto a hidden platform (the goal), positioned at the periphery of the maze in a single compass direction. The...

The aim of present study is to investigate neuroprotective and nootropic activity of Petroleum Ether Extract of Carica papaya seeds (PEECPS) on diabetic induced cognitive decline rats. Rectangular maze and morris water maze models were used to evaluate nootropic activity and neuroprotective effects were studied by estimating acetyl cholinesterase (AchE), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismut...