background: suicide is one of the leading factors of death worldwide. hanging is one of the most common methods of suicide. this study was designed to evaluate post mortem toxicology laboratory findings of subjects with hanging death in northeast iran.  methods: this study was carried out on reported cases with hanging death to razavi khorasan province-general office of iranian legal medicine o...

Iranian crack is a new form of narcotic substance that has found widespread prevalence inIran in the past years. crack only nominally resembles crack cocaine as it is widely different inits clinical signs. Thus the present study aims to quantify the chemical combination of this drug.The samples included 18 specimen of crack collected from different zones of Tehran, Iran.All specimens were in th...

Introduction: Poisoning is worldwide leading morbidity and mortality cause, poison defined as any substance which taken in amount route injures, endangers or kills a person. The study was focused on types of poisons frequency poisoning recorded different age group. Objective: To determine the prevalence dead bodies reported to Khyber Medical College, Peshawar. Design Sitting: A cross sectional ...

The aims of the present study were to investigate, in rats, the behavioral effects of substance P (SP) microinjected into the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the effects of the neurokinin 1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist [d-Arg1, d-Trp7, 9, Leu11]-substance P (Spantide). The effect of morphine administration on the release of SP in the ventrolateral PAG was also investigated using micro...

Intrathecal (i.t.) pretreatment with a low dose (0.3 nmol) of morphine causes an attenuation of i.t. morphine-produced analgesia; the phenomenon has been defined as morphine-induced antianalgesia. The opioid-produced analgesia was measured with the tail-flick (TF) test in male CD-1 mice. Intrathecal pretreatment with low dose (0.3 nmol) of morphine time dependently attenuated i.t. morphine-prod...

Noradrenaline (NA), a key neurotransmitter of the endogenous pain inhibitory system, acutely inhibits nociceptive transmission (including that mediated by substance P), potentiates opioid analgesia, and underlies part of the antinociceptive effects of the widely prescribed tricyclic antidepressants. Lesions of noradrenergic neurons, however, result in either normal or reduced pain behavior and ...

Morphine is a schedule II-controlled substance that used to allow the diminution of intra-operative, post-operative or chronic pain. However, its usage limited due addiction and overdose liabilities. was observed cause tolerance, dependence withdrawal in human. Justification: date lack scientific evidence morphine carried out by using specific single human neuroblastoma cell-line (SK-N-SH). The...

introduction: our previous study has showed that chronic administration of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (mgo np) can reduce anxiety in adult male rat. in this study the effects of mgo np on anxiety induced by morphine withdrawal were investigated in adult male mice. methods: adult male nmri mice (weighing 27 ± 3 g) divided into groups: control, receiving intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of mgo...

Amniotic fluid and placenta contain a substance (POEF) that when ingested enhances opioid-mediated analgesia produced by several agents (morphine injection, vaginal/cervical stimulation, late pregnancy, footshock), but not that produced by aspirin injection. The present series of experiments employed quaternary naltrexone, an opioid antagonist that does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier...

Effects of different neuroactive substances on morphine-induced respiratory depression were studied in medullary respiration-related structures using in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparation from 1 to 4-day-old rats. Application of morphine (10 microM) reduced respiratory rhythm (fR) as measured by C4 ventral root activity. The depressant effects of morphine were reversed by acetylcholine (10...