Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are ecologically important for most vascular plants for their growth and survival. AM fungi are obligate symbionts. In recent years, there have been many attempts to cultivate in vitro. Some relevant results indicate efforts are not far from successful growth of AM fungi independent of a plant host. This paper describes the methods to cultivate root organs, and...

Most medium formulations for improving culture of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) based on protein sources have used enriched media like animal feed such as dried egg yolk, lactalbumin, and liver extract, among other ingredients. Most results, however, showed unstable yields and longer production time. Many of the results do not show the detailed parameters of fermentation. Soy flour, cotton s...

The effects of age in culture and the type of medium used for induction of Acanthamoeba polyphaga (Ros) cysts on susceptibilities to polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB; 3 micro g/ml), chlorhexidine digluconate (30 micro g/ml), myristamidopropyl dimethylamine (20 micro g/ml), H(2)O(2) (3%), and two multipurpose contact lens solutions (MPS-1 and MPS-2, based on 1 micro g of PHMB per ml) were exami...

Among nematodes parasitizing bananas throughout the world, Radopholus similis and Helicotylenchus multicinctus are the most widespread and damaging species. Besides these two nematodes, Hoplolaimus pararobustus is encountered frequently in Ivory Coast and has been increasing in banana growing areas for the past 25 years (6,10). In vitro culture systems could facilitate screening for resistance ...

An endospore-forming, butyrate-degrading bacterium (strain BH) was grown on butyrate in monoxenic coculture with a methanogen. The culture formed dense aggregates when Methanobacterium formicicum was the methanogenic partner, but the culture was turbid when Methanospirillum hungatei was the partner. In contrast, a propionate-degrading, lemon-shaped bacterium (strain PT) did not form aggregates ...

BACKGROUND Free-living amoebae are present worldwide. They can survive in different environment causing human diseases in some instances. Acanthamoeba sp. is known for causing sight-threatening keratitis in humans. Free-living amoeba keratitis is more common in developing countries. Amoebae of family Vahlkampfiidae are rarely reported to cause such affections. A new genus, Allovahlkampfia spela...

Axenic cultures of free-living aerobic ciliates, such as Tetrahymena thermophila and Paramecium aurelia, have been established and routinely used in laboratory research, greatly facilitating, or enabling characterization of their metabolism, physiology, and ecology. Ruminal protozoa are anaerobic ciliates, and they play important roles in feed digestion and fermentation. Although, repeatedly at...