Alkali metal and alkaline earth cations pass readily through the acetylcholine receptor channel. Monovalent cations with larger crystal radii are more permeant than ones with smaller radii. For divalent ions, this selectivity sequence is reversed: smaller ions are more permeant than larger ones. This reversal in selectivity sequence with change of valence from 1 to 2 can be naturally accounted ...

Rat basophilic leukaemia cells (RBL-2H3-M1) were used to study the characteristics of the store-operated Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) current (I(CRAC)) and the magnesium-nucleotide-regulated metal cation current (MagNuM) (which is conducted by the LTRPC7 channel). Pipette solutions containing 10 mM BAPTA and no added ATP induced both currents in the same cell, but the time to half-maximal ac...

We investigate the ion distribution and overcharging at charged interfaces with dielectric inhomogeneities in the presence of asymmetric electrolytes containing polyvalent and monovalent ions. We formulate an effective "dressed counterion" approach by integrating out the monovalent salt degrees of freedom and show that it agrees with results of explicit Monte Carlo simulations. We then apply th...

Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a renewable energy-generating SGE technique using energy from salinity gradients. This research investigates the effect of membrane and feed characteristics on reverse power generation. Some investigations process parameters for complement main study were also conducted. The generated RED was measured density analysis. experiments performed artificial seawater v...

RNA duplex stability depends strongly on ionic conditions, and inside cells RNAs are exposed to both monovalent and multivalent ions. Despite recent advances, we do not have general methods to quantitatively account for the effects of monovalent and multivalent ions on RNA stability, and the thermodynamic parameters for secondary structure prediction have only been derived at 1M [Na]. Here, by ...

Counterions are required for RNA folding, and divalent metal ions such as Mg(2+) are often critical. To dissect the role of counterions, we have compared global and local folding of wild-type and mutant variants of P4-P6 RNA derived from the Tetrahymena group I ribozyme in monovalent and in divalent metal ions. A remarkably simple picture of the folding thermodynamics emerges. The equilibrium f...

RNA duplex stability depends strongly on ionic conditions, and inside cells RNAs are exposed to both monovalent and multivalent ions. Despite recent advances, we do not have general methods to quantitatively account for the effects of monovalent and multivalent ions on RNA stability, and the thermodynamic parameters for secondary structure prediction have only been derived at 1M [Na(+)]. Here, ...

We study the interaction between two neutral plane-parallel dielectric bodies in the presence of a highly asymmetric ionic fluid, containing multivalent as well as monovalent (salt) ions. Image charge interactions, due to dielectric discontinuities at the boundaries, as well as effects from ion confinement in the slit region between the surfaces are taken fully into account, leading to image-ge...

Condensed counterions contribute to the stability of compact structures in RNA, largely by reducing electrostatic repulsion among phosphate groups. Varieties of cations induce a collapsed state in the Tetrahymena ribozyme that is readily transformed to the catalytically active structure in the presence of Mg2+. Native gel electrophoresis was used to compare the effects of the valence and size o...

Cobalt(II)-hexacyanoferrates(II) with incorporated monovalent Na+, K + , N H i + and Cs+ ions have been synthetized. Chemical composition and structure of the unit cell of the crystallites have been determined by X-ray and I R analysis. It has been found that all crystallites containing the monovalent cations are isomorphous having an FCC structure, whereas the cobalt(II)-hexacyanoferrate(II) c...