Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji kasus pemecahan masalah modus tollens yang berkaitan dengan keyakinan. adalah penelitian kualitatis kenis studi kasus. Kasus dikaji dalam kolektif. Subjek tiga mahasiswa Pendidikan matematika telah belajar logika matematika. Instrumen Peneliti, tollens, rubrik indikator, lembar validasi, buku catatan dan pedoman wawancara. Hasil proses mental terkategori menjad...

Quasi-classical logic (QC logic) allows the derivation of non-trivial classical inferences from inconsistent information. A paraconsis-tent, or non-trivializable, logic is, by necessity, a compromise, or weakening , of classical logic. The compromises on QC logic seem to be more appropriate than other paraconsistent logics for applications in computing. In particular, the connectives behave in ...

Human conditional reasoning is defeasible: people withdraw logically valid conclusions if they are aware of situations (i.e., exceptions) that prevent the consequent of the rule to happen although the antecedent is given. In this paper we investigate defeasible reasoning with quantified rules. In two experiments we rephrased conditionals from the literature (Experiment 1) and rules from penal c...

A novel fuzzy reasoning method, called FSI (fuzzy similarity inference) is investigated in this paper. Firstly, the unified forms of FSI which the diverse implication operators can be employed are proposed. And the computational formulas for both fuzzy modus ponens (FMP) and fuzzy modus tollens (FMT) are obtained. Secondly, the unified forms of α-FSI method are established, and the formulas for...

Mental model theory (Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991) is a dominant theory in human deductive reasoning studies. There are two other classes of theories that deal with human deduction: formal rules theories and content-specific rules theories. This paper begins with a few basic assumptions of the mental model theory, especially those according to which difficulty of inference is proportional to the...

This study presented participants with conditional statements with content that was group-related, container-related, and a combination of group and container. Participants received modus ponens, modus tollens, denying the antecedent, affirming the consequent, and inconsistent forms of conditional arguments. Results demonstrated a significant advantage of the group over the container wording fo...

This study presents evidence for the role of working memory (WM) capacity in the retrieval and inhibition of counterexamples (alternatives and disablers) during everyday conditional reasoning. A total of 292 university students were given a measure of WMcapacity and a reasoning task with everyday, causal conditionals. Results show that the acceptance ratings of the logically valid Modus Ponens ...

This paper deals with a new family of (A, N)-implications that derived from fuzzy negation and continuous monotone function, and some properties, like the left neutrally, the exchange principle, the ordering property and the laws of contraposition, of the proposed family of (A, N)-implications are studied. Moreover, the T-conditionality and the Modus tollens for the new family of (A, N)-i...

Epistemic modals in consequent place of indicative conditionals give rise to apparent counterexamples to Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens. Familiar assumptions of familiar truth conditional theories of modality facilitate a prima facie explanation—viz., that the target cases harbor epistemic modal equivocations. However, these explanations go too far. For they foster other predictions of equivoca...

This paper is a critique of version three of Joonmo Kim’s paper entitled “P 6= NP by Modus Tollens.” After summarizing Kim’s proof, we note that the logic that Kim uses is inconsistent, which provides evidence that the proof is invalid. To show this, we will consider two reasonable interpretations of Kim’s definitions, and show that “P 6= NP” does not seem to follow in an obvious way using any ...