Science has struggled for centuries to understand the universe. Great scientific achievements in recent decades have enriched material life on Earth. However, mysterious and irresolvable paradoxes have plagued the otherwise successful theories of science. This paper attempts to explain these paradoxes and how they can be remedied. Most widely accepted and successful scientific theories are show...

I discuss how modern cosmology illustrates under-determination of theoretical hypotheses by data, in ways that are different from most philosophical discussions. I confine the discussion to the history of the observable universe from about one second after the Big Bang, as described by the mainstream cosmological model: in effect, what cosmologists in the early 1970s dubbed the ‘standard model’...

The purpose of the paper, of which this is part II, is to review, clarify, and critically analyse modern mathematical cosmology. The emphasis is upon mathematical objects and structures, rather than numerical computations. Part II provides a critical analysis of inflationary cosmology and quantum cosmology, with particular attention to the claims made that these theories can explain the creatio...

Cosmology has made enormous progress in the last several decades. It is no longer a neglected subfield of physics, as it was as recently as 1960; it is instead an active area of fundamental research that can boast of a Standard Model well-supported by observations. Prior to 1965 research in cosmology had a strikingly philosophical tone, with debates focusing explicitly on scientific method and ...

Non Conventional treatments in modern cosmology, in both Steady State and Big Bang, are given. The motivation behind these treatments is to solve some of the problems of the conventional treatments in cosmology. For this aim, different geometric structures and alternative field theories, used to construct world models, are given. A brief review of Absolute parallelism (AP) geometry and its para...

Quantum theory has been proved as an outstanding mystery in modern science. The predictions of science have turned out to be probabilistic. The principle of determinism has failed. For systems like weather, earthquakes, rolling dices etc... and of course human behaviour it has proved impossible, for science, to describe a state of the system accurately for a long time into the future. Moreover,...

Robert Brodrick Boston College 
 This paper advances the claim that the perceived rift between theology and scientific cosmology is not merely due to the advances of modern science but also to particular philosophical and theological developments in the realms of epistemology and the social imaginary. In light of this perspective, the author suggests that the recent work done regarding scientif...