0. Preliminaries Evidentiality is a modal category that qualifies propositions in terms of the speaker's source of information (e.g., reported, inferential, hearsay). Compare epistemic modals, which mark the speaker's judgment of the factual status of the proposition, rather than the source of this knowledge. Evidentials are typically marked with verbal affixes, clitics, or particles. Languages...

Linear tense logics are widely accepted for structural temporal representation, where the basic has two modal operators G and H, each of which represents the future and the past, respectively. On the other hand, the temporal interval relations arranged by Allen have long been the standard of natural language semantics, though it still lacks the modal-logical foundation. Van Benthem [10] propose...

The vulnerability of time reference, either marked by means of verbal morphology or by adverbs, has been established in an extensive array of languages in agrammatic aphasia. Recent studies (Bastiaanse, 2008; Lee et al., 2008; Nanousi et al., 2006; Martínez-Ferreiro, 2010; Yarbay Duman and Bastiaanse, 2009; among others) have determined that far from being general, the observed deficit is sensi...

It has been shown that, at least in certain languages, tense is represented in nominals (Lecarme 1996, 2004). It is therefore important to consider whether the interplay between tense and modality which is commonly found in clauses exists in the nominal domain as well. This article investigates the non-temporal meanings of nominal tenses in Somali, an Afroasiatic language. It explores the condi...

The combination of a modal verb and a modal adverb that is similar in modal force (possibility/necessity) and flavor (epistemic/deontic, etc.) allows a concord interpretation in which the two modals somehow ‘fuse’ and communicate just a single modality. This paper presents a case study of modal concord, as it is exemplified in Dutch. It seems that speakers of this language tend to add modal adv...

“ba:y?d” as a persian lexeme is interwoven with modality, a semantic category and therefore has a complicated and thought- provoking semantic nature. this paper uses evidence from persian to investigate the usage of this lexeme and some of its semantic and pragmatic aspects in this language. the results indicate that this lexical category can convey a wide range of modal meanings in different c...

in the present article the frequency and percentage distribution of different verb tenses have been analyzed in books of 1, 2 and 3 of masnavi. the hypothesis is that it is possible to identify the degree of realism, narrative stylistic and some aspects of grammatical voice by using the feature of tense. the theoretical framework is based on systematic functional grammar and traditional grammar...

Baggio presents the results of an event-related potential (ERP) study in which he examines the processing consequences of reading tense violations such as ∗Afgelopen zondag lakt Vincent de kozijnen van zijn landhuis (∗“Last Sunday Vincent paints the window-frames of his country house”). The violation is arguably caused by a mismatch between the semantics of the temporal adverb in the topic posi...