In all plasma confinement devices, material eroded from plasma-facing surfaces will be transported and redeposited at other, sometimes remote, locations. If the plasma facing material in a device consists of more than a single element there is a high probability that the composition of the plasma-facing surfaces will evolve over time and may exhibit plasma interaction properties much different ...

Introduction Metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles (NPs), ranging in size from 1–200 nm, have unique functional properties that differ from their bulk materials and their component atoms or molecules [1]. These unique properties have driven the demand for nano-sized materials and new methods to synthesize NPs, which are used in drug delivery systems [2], bio-imaging agents [3], catalysts [4],...

In this study, material flow from decentralized supermarkets to stations in mixed model assembly lines using tow (tugger) trains is investigated. Train routing, scheduling, and loading problems are investigated in parallel to minimize the number of trains, variability in loading and in routes lengths, and line-side inventory holding costs. The general framework for solving these problems in par...