Voting systems in which voters are partitioned to districts encourage accountability by providing voters an easily identifiable district representative, but can result in a selection of representatives not representative of the electorate’s preferences. In some cases, a party may have a majority of the popular vote, but lose the elections due to districting effects. We define the Misrepresentat...

orientalism, as a phenomenon, has a long record in the west; and the orientalists are also varied in their motivations. the orientalists have attempted throughout the history to make believe that the prophet of islam had not been a prophet and that the qur’ān is a human achievement adopted from the torah, gospel, etc. to prove their claim, they have alluded to some texts in the sunnī sources, o...

This paper examines apparent misrepresentation among securitized non-agency loans using three indicators: unreported second liens, owner occupancy misreporting, and appraisal overstatements. We find that approximately 30% of loans exhibited some indication of potential misrepresentation. Misreporting is similar in both low and fulldocumentation loans and is associated with a 51% higher likeliho...