subject analysis of the potential of spontaneous combustion in coal layers with analytical and numerical methods has been always considered as a difficult task because of the complexity of the coal behavior and the number of factors influencing it. empirical methods, due to accounting for certain and specific factors, have not accuracy and efficiency for all positions. the rock engineering syst...

Water and gas samples were collected from (1) nine shallow groundwater aquifers overlying Marcellus Shale in north-central West Virginia before active shale gas drilling, (2) wells producing gas from Upper Devonian sands and Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale in southwestern Pennsylvania, (3) coal-mine water discharges in southwestern Pennsylvania, and (4) streams in southwestern Pennsylvania and ...

Structurally preserved vascular plants have recently been discovered in calcite petrifactions near the town of Shade, Ohio The florule includes representatives of all of the major groups of Carboniferous-age vascular plants, with members of the Calamitales and Marattiales appearing in the highest percentages. The relationships between the Shade coal-ball plants and other coal-ball floras in Nor...

Waterpipe smoking, a tobacco consumption method traditionally associated with the Middle East and South Asia, has increased in prevalence in the last decade in Europe and the US, especially among young people (Amin et al., 2010; Al-Naggar; Saghir, 2011; Martinasek et al., 2011). The waterpipe apparatus consists of a head, body, bowl and hose. The head is loaded with a 10-20 gram of fruit-flavou...

Spontaneous combustion of coal is one of the most horrifying hazards in coal industries, especially in underground coal mines. Thus having a prior knowledge about the occurrence of this phenomenon in underground coal mines is of crucial importance in preventing this process, loss of life, huge economic loss, and environmental pollution. The aim of this work is to determine the spontaneous combu...

Brown carbon (BrC) draws increasing attention due to its effects on climate and other environmental factors. In China, household coal burned for heating and cooking purposes releases huge amounts of carbonaceous particles every year; however, BrC emissions have rarely been estimated in a persuasive manner due to the unavailable emission characteristics. Here, seven coals jointly covering geolog...

The biomass within two Early Pennsylvanian (Langsettian [Westphalian A] equivalent) penecontemporaneous swamp communities was sampled quantitatively to obtain an estimate of the taxonomic contribution to each assemblage. Blocks of organic-rich shale were removed from a clastic parting within the Black Creek Coal, and 0.5-m2 siltstone quadrats were chain-sawed from a clastic swamp community dire...

As a tool for exploration of concealed coal seams by modern techniques, determination of the depth of erosion of coal seams with reference to the surface of angular unconformity underlying the remnants of a key bed is conducted for the first time in coal mines of Kerman region. The angular unconformity surface (the initial surface exposure of coal seams) separates the coal seams of Jurassic age...

tabas mines in iran have coal sources which are suitable for use in metallurgy industries as coking coal. but the high sulfur content of this coal imposes severe limitations on its utilization as the sulfur oxide gases evolved from the combustion of high sulfur coals result in acid rains and corrosion of equipments. in this work, attempts have been made to reduce sulfur from high sulfur coal of...