Male and female mice from 15 of the BXD/Ty recombinant inbred strain panel were examined for regional brain and liver iron content. Brain regions included medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, caudate-putamen and ventral midbrain. Our focal tissue was the ventral midbrain, containing the ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra. This area contains the perikarya of the dopamine neurons that...

the variations of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pd) activity in different brain regions of normal, hypo- and hyperthyroid rats were investigated. hypo- and hyperthyrodism were experimentaly induced by administration of methimazol and liothyronine, respectively. in normal rats, midbrain had the minimum (70 mu/mg) and cerebral cortex the maximum (349 mu/mg) g6pd activity. hyperthyrodism in...

Abstract Background Cogan’s anterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) is characterized by INO with inability to converge and commonly thought be due rostral midbrain lesion. A lesion outside that causes unilateral combined upgaze palsy ataxia are rarely described. Case presentation 67-year old male presented left (INO), appendicular bilateral palsy. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Angiograph...

The mechanism of general anesthesia remains elusive. ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) in the midbrain regulates sleep and awake states. However, role vlPAG its circuits is unclear. We utilized opto/chemogenetics, righting reflex, electroencephalographic recording to assess consciousness changes. employed fiber photometry measure activity neurons neurotransmitters. As a result, showed t...

Specification of the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain primordia occurs during gastrulation in response to signals that pattern the gastrula embryo. Following establishment of the primordia, each brain part is thought to develop largely independently from the others under the influence of local organizing centers like the midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB, or isthmic) organizer. Mechanisms that ...

Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling plays important roles in various developmental processes including brain development. Here, we identified zebrafish fgf22 predominantly expressed in the posterior midbrain and anterior midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB) primordia during early embryonic brain development. To examine roles of Fgf22 in midbrain development, we analyzed fgf22 knockdown embryo...

background calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase iiα (camkiiα) may modulate the function of mu-opioid receptors by phosphorylation and therefore, be involved in development of morphine-induced analgesic tolerance. objectives the current study aimed to examine changes in gene expression of camkiiα in the lumbosacral cord and midbrain during induction of morphine analgesic tolerance. materi...

The specification of distinct neuronal cell-types is controlled by inducing signals whose interpretation in distinct areas along the central nervous system provides neuronal progenitors with a precise and typical expression code of transcription factors. To gain insights into this process, we investigated the role of Otx2 in the specification of identity and fate of neuronal progenitors in the ...

Experiments involving tissue recombinations have implicated both early vertical and later planar signals in the specification and polarisation of the midbrain. Here we investigate the role of fibroblast growth factors in regulating these processes in the avian embryo. We show that Fgf4 is expressed in the notochord anterior to Hensen's node before transcripts for the earliest molecular marker o...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Occlusion of the AOP results in a characteristic pattern of ischemia: bilateral paramedian thalamus with or without midbrain involvement. Although the classic imaging findings are often recognized, only a few small case series and isolated cases of AOP infarction have been reported. The purpose of this study was to characterize the complete imaging spectrum of AOP infarct...