The health of tens of millions of people world-wide is at risk from drinking arsenic-contaminated well water. In most cases this arsenic occurs naturally within the sub-surface aquifers, rather than being derived from identifiable point sources of pollution. The mobilization of arsenic into the aqueous phase is the first crucial step in a process that eventually leads to human arsenicosis. Incr...

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, "safe drinking-water must not represent any significant risk to health over a lifetime of consumption, including different sensitivities that may occur between life stages". Traditional methods of water analysis are usually complex, time consuming and require an appropriately equipped laboratory, specialized personnel and expensive in...

Microbiological safety assessment in food samples is often a cumbersome and time consuming task that has to be done in a regular basis in most food manufacturing facilities. Standard microbiological techniques for evaluating critical levels of bacteria take several days to yield results, thus the food products have to be withheld in the processing factories until the safety inspection is conclu...

We study the predictability of emergent phenomena in complex systems. Using nearest-neighbor, one-dimensional cellular automata (CA) as an example, we show how to construct local coarse-grained descriptions of CA in all classes of Wolfram's classification. The resulting coarse-grained CA that we construct are capable of emulating the large-scale behavior of the original systems without accounti...

Advanced-generation cephalosporins are frequently used for empirical coverage of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) due to their activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae. Providing optimal antibiotic exposure is essential to achieving successful response in patients with VAP. We evaluated ex...

The emergence of complex new ground states at interfaces has been identified as one of the most promising routes to highly tunable nanoscale materials. Despite recent progress, isolating and controlling the underlying mechanisms behind these emergent properties remains among the most challenging materials physics problems to date. In particular, generating ferromagnetism localized at the interf...

Over the past decade, there has been much development in the structure determination of photoinduced species by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Such work is key to understanding many photoactivated chemical processes and physical properties that are behind phenomena such as photoisomerism, photoinduced chemical reactions, light-induced spin-crossover transitions and molecular excited states t...

background & aims of the study: wheat flour makes the basic component of bread. thus, evaluating its quality plays an important role in public health. this paper focused on the physicochemical and microbial analysis of all bread flour types, used in the bakeries of hamedan, iran during 2015-2016. materials & methods: all bread flour types such as barbari, lavash, sangak and tafton bread flours ...