BACKGROUND Studies that examined dietary energy requirements (DERs) of patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) have shown mixed results. Many studies reported normal DERs, but some described increased energy needs. DERs in MHD patients have been estimated primarily from indirect calorimetry and from nitrogen balance studies. The present study measured DERs in MHD patients on the basi...

We present the critical conditions for hot trans-fast magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) flows in a stationary and axisymmetric black-hole magnetosphere. To accrete onto the black hole, the MHD flow injected from a plasma source with low velocity must pass through the fast magnetosonic point after passing through the “inner” or “outer” Alfvén point. We find that a trans-fast MHD accretion solution rel...

The beta limit by the ideal MHD instabilities (so-called “MHD stability beta limit”) for helical plasmas is studied by a hierarchy integrated simulation code. A numerical model for the effect of the MHD instabilities is introduced such that the pressure profile is flattened around the rational surface due to the MHD instabilities. The width of the flattening of the pressure gradient is determin...

Effects of a toroidal rotation are investigated numerically on the stability of the MHD modes in the edge pedestal, which relate to the type-I edge-localized mode (ELM). A new linear MHD stability code MINERVA is developed for solving the Frieman-Rotenberg equation, which is the linear ideal MHD equation with flow. As the result of the stability analysis, it is revealed that the sheared toroida...

The authors tested the thesis that people find the Monty Hall dilemma (MHD) hard because they fail to understand the implications of its causal structure, a collider structure in which 2 independent causal factors influence a single outcome. In 4 experiments, participants performed better in versions of the MHD involving competition, which emphasizes causality. This manipulation resulted in mor...

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence is pervasive in astrophysical systems. Recent highresolution numerical simulations suggest that the energy spectrum of strong incompressible MHD turbulence is E(k⊥) ∝ k ⊥ . So far, there has been no phenomenological theory that simultaneously explains this spectrum and satisfies the exact analytic relations for MHD turbulence due to Politano & Pouquet. Indee...

The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) is the study of the interaction of electrically conducting fluids and electromagnetic fields. This paper presents the numerical modelling of the coupling electromagnetichydrodynamic phenomena using the Finite volume Method (FVM) in cylindrical coordinate and the stream vorticity formulation ξ, ψ in two-dimensional in an annular induction MHD pump. The magnetic indu...

We describe a formulation of two-dimensional geometrical shock dynamics (GSD) suitable for ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fast shocks under magnetic fields of general strength and orientation. The resulting area–Mach-number–shock-angle relation is then incorporated into a numerical method using pseudospectral differentiation. The MHD-GSD model is verified by comparison with results from nonlin...

The Monty Hall dilemma (MHD) is a notorious brain teaser that received a lot of attention because both novices and statistical experts fail to reason correctly when solving this problem. In the current paper, we try to shed more light on the previous MHD research findings by discussing them in relationship to the equiprobability bias, which is known to develop with age and statistical education...

In various astrophysical contexts, we analyze self-similar behaviours of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) evolution of a quasi-spherical polytropic magnetized gas under self-gravity with the specific entropy conserved along streamlines. In particular, this MHD model analysis frees the scaling parameter n in the conventional polytropic self-similar transformation from the constraint of n+ γ = 2 with γ ...