(Glomeromycota) reproduce asexually, are multinucleate, and have high genetic variation within single cells. Pawlowska and Taylor find that genetic variation within AM fungal cells is not lost as a result of segregation, and they interpret this as evidence that the variation is present within each nucleus and that all nuclei within individual spores are genetically identical (that is, homokaryo...

PURPOSE To evaluate reconstructive foveal anatomical change in surgically closed macular hole (MH) by pars plana vitrectomy with inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique. METHODS Spectral domain optical coherence tomography was used to evaluate foveal microstructures in 20 eyes of 19 patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy with inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique...

INTRODUCTION Change in migraine headache (MH)-preexisting MH change or development of de novo MH-are known potential complications following percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect (ASD), but consensus on a causal trigger remains elusive. OBJECTIVES To expose potential MH triggers linked, mainly by timing and occurrence, to the emergence of de novo MH or change in preexisting MH subseque...

Background: Morin hydrate (MH) is a bioflavonoid component of many fruits and vegetables. Our previous investigations demonstrated that MH confer neuroprotection in mouse models of acute restraint stress and sleep deprivation by attenuating hippocampal neuronal damage and enhancing memory. Based on these findings, our study investigated the role of MH in chronic stress-induced neuronal and bioc...

0.3 per million. The consequences of runaway reactions have so far focused mainly on the risks of fire, burns and the release of hydrogen fluoride. The compound 2-fluoroethanol is highly toxic (the 50%-lethal dose, LD50, in mice is 0.1 mg kg) and is readily formed by nucleophilic attack of fluoride ion on ethylene carbonate. Although no example of electrophilic fluorination using coordination a...

It has long been recognized that New Orleans is subsiding and is therefore susceptible to catastrophic flooding. Here we present a new subsidence map for the city, generated from space-based synthetic-aperture radar measurements, which reveals that parts of New Orleans underwent rapid subsidence in the three years before Hurricane Katrina struck in August 2005. One such area is next to the Miss...

have been made to develop a vaccine against malaria, but the task is not easy. So far, one of the best prospects has been to use irradiated sporozoites — the form in which the malaria parasite is injected by the mosquito — which have proved highly protective. But such vaccines have gone no further, in part because of practical difficulties, in part because of safety concerns. Writing on page 16...

eses.Trees built using single genes from many species tend to support L–E–D, but analyses using many genes from a few complete genomes support A–P–C. The number of species represented in a phylogenetic study can have two effects on tree reconstruction. First, without genomes to represent most animal phyla, genome-based trees provide no information on the placement of the missing taxonomic group...

than expected from the models based on the HH formalism. Moreover, the voltage at which the spike takes off (the threshold) varies remarkably from spike to spike in the same neuron in vivo (Fig. 1, overleaf). Examining several HH-based models, the authors find that none of them can account for both observations — spike sharpness and threshold variability. Indeed, under the HH formalism the spik...