Trace element solubility and availability in land-applied residuals is governed by fundamental chemical reactions between metal constituents, soil, and residual components. Iron, aluminum, and manganese oxides; organic matter; and phosphates, carbonates, and sulfides are important sinks for trace elements in soil-residual systems. The pH of the soil-residual system is often the most important c...

Mechanical behavior of two-layer metal laminate structures under low-speed impact loading was investigated experimentally and numerically. The experimental results were just used for validation of numerical results. Then numerical modeling was used to study the behavior of metal laminates in details. The mechanical behavior of the metal laminate structures under impact loading was found to be d...

The incremental sheet metal forming (ISMF) process is a new and flexible method that is well suited for small batch production or prototyping. This paper studies the use of the finite element method in the incremental forming process of AA1050 sheets to investigate the influence of tool diameter, vertical step size, and friction coefficient on forming force, spring-back, and thickness distribut...

Introduction: Earth's outer core is substantially less dense that pure Fe-Ni, requiring ~3-9% of the core to be composed of a "light" element or elements [1]. Taking into account their cosmochemical availability, the elements H, C, O, Si, and S have been proposed as significant light elements in Earth's core [2]. The iden-tity(ies) of the light element(s) in Earth's core have implications for u...

The concept of plant defense using toxic mineral elements originated as an explanation for extremely elevated concentrations of some elements (termed hyperaccumulation) in some plant tissues. The Defensive Enhancement Hypothesis suggests that hyperaccumulation evolved because, after an initial defensive benefit accrued from a relatively low initial concentration, increased concentration of an e...

Stellar evolution models which include the effect of helium and heavy element diffusion have been calculated for initial iron abundances of [Fe/H] = −2.3, −2.1, −1.9 and −1.7. These models were calculated for a large variety of masses and three separate mixing lengths, α = 1.50, 1.75 and 2.00 (with α = 1.75 being the solar calibrated mixing length). The change in the surface iron abundance for ...