*Correspondence: Jeffrey Cassidy, Edward S. Rogers Sr., Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada e-mail: jeffrey.cassidy@ mail.utoronto.ca Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is recognized as the “gold standard” for biophotonic simulation, capturing all relevant physics and material properties at the perceived cost of ...

background: recently, it has been indicated that x-ray coherent scatter from biological tissues can be used to access signature of tissue. some scientists are interested in studying this effect to get early detection of breast cancer. since experimental methods for optimization are time consuming and expensive, some scientists suggest using simulation. monte carlo (mc) codes are the best option...

The Monte Carlo (MC) method has been shown through many research studies to calculate accurate dose distributions for clinical radiotherapy, particularly in heterogeneous patient tissues where the effects of electron transport cannot be accurately handled with conventional, deterministic dose algorithms. Despite its proven accuracy and the potential for improved dose distributions to influence ...

I. Mean field limit of CMEs II. Comparison of Hamiltonian III. Scale independence on the choice of system size IV. Introduction of the gMAM IV-A. The Outer Loop IV-B. Evaluating the Action IV-C. The Inner Loop (Computing θ̂(φ,φ′)) V.Stochastic Simulation V-A. Transition Trajectory from MC Simulation V-B. Mean Switching Time (MST) from MC simulation V-C. Local Property: Fluctuation around Stable ...

Background: The lack of lateral electronic disequilibrium (LED) becomes a main problem in small field. This factor affects the dose in target volume cannot predict correctly. In addition, utilization of high-energy linear accelerator (10 MV) can emit some unwanted particles (electron contamination). Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize head linear accelerator (linac) Varian Clin...

We calculate analytically the dynamic critical exponent z(MC), measured in Monte Carlo simulations for a vortex loop model of the superconducting transition, and account for the simulation results. In the weak screening limit, where magnetic fluctuations are neglected, the dynamic exponent is found to be z(MC) = 3/2. In the perfect screening limit, z(MC) = 5/2. We relate z(MC) to the actual val...

Recent developments in modeling stream of variation in multistage manufacturing system along with the urgent need for yield enhancement in the semiconductor industry has led to complex large scale simulation problems in design and performance prediction, thus challenging current Monte Carlo (MC) based simulation techniques. MC method prevails in statistical simulation approaches for multi-dimen...

Introduction: Radiation therapy using electron beams is a promising method due to its physical dose distribution. Monte Carlo (MC) code is the best and most accurate technique for forespeaking the distribution of dose in radiation treatment of patients.Materials and Methods: We report an MC simulation of a linac head and depth dose on central axis, along with profile calculations. The purpose o...

piezoelectric microcantilevers (mcs) are a new generation of microbeams used in atomic force microscopes (afms). due to their miniaturization of afms as well as their increased imaging precision and speed, these mcs are more popular than their classical counterparts. given the widespread application of these beams in nanoparticle topography, analysis of their vibrating motion has attracted much...