there is no doubt that bahār and rasāfi are the pioneers of innovation in iran and iraq. these two poets have similarities among which is having religious ideologies in youth which was reflected in their poetry. their ideology has become subtilized as time has passed. they have both paid attention to new subjects such as women and their related issues. the traditional look on women never loses ...

Japan is one of few developed countries in which marriage and higher earning potential among women are negatively associated. As the proportion of births occurring outside of marriage remains low in Japan, fertility is still significantly influenced by marriage trends, which are in turn influenced by societal expectations regarding the marriageability of educated women. Previous studies have su...

Family formation changed dramatically over the twentieth century in the United States. The impact of these changes on childbearing has primarily been studied in terms of nonmarital fertility. However, changes in family formation behavior also have implications for fertility within marriage. We use data from ten fertility surveys to describe changes in the timing of marital childbearing from the...

Although most countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are experiencing an increase in the age at marriage, early marriage in Palestine continues to be relatively high. About one in 10 Palestinian women ages 15 to 19 is married, although there are inter-regional differences (see Table 1). Yet, an increasing number of women are delaying marriage and remaining single—also about one in...

This paper examines how the marital behaviors of Hui Muslims respond to varying conditions of local ethnic marriage markets. Specifically, we explore marriage patterns indicating adherence to two Islamic norms: universal marriage and endogamy. We measure marriage market conditions by local concentrations of Hui and we estimate discrete-time hazard models of marital outcomes using the China 2005...

Early marriage is common among women in developing countries. Age at first marriage (AFM) has health implication on women and their under-five children. In Nigeria, few studies have explored AFM; the current study was designed to fill the gap. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, 2008 dataset on married women aged 15-49(N=24,986) was used. Chi-square, OLS regression and Cox proportional hazar...

In many traditional societies, women's age at marriage acts simultaneously as a gateway to new family roles and the likelihood of producing offspring. However, inadequate attention has previously been given to the broader health and social implications of variability in women's marriage age for public health. Biomedical scientists have primarily been concerned with whether the onset of reproduc...

The timing of marriages, first birth interval and the prevalence of premarital conception (PMC) among women of successive birth cohorts in one rural county in Yunnan, China, were examined. Detailed pregnancy histories were collected for 1,336 women aged 15-64 years using a Life History Calendar. The rising marriage age and shorter first birth interval correspond to over-all changes in the Chine...

CONTEXT Little evidence from India is available regarding the ways in which early marriage may compromise young women's lives and their reproductive health and choices. METHODS Data from 8,314 married women aged 20-24 living in five Indian states, obtained from a subnationally representative study of transitions experienced by youth, were used to compare marital, reproductive and other outcom...