Theoretical models of the markup-inflation relationship focus on the markup of price on marginal costs in contrast with empirical models that typically focus on the markup on unit costs. Using nearly 50 years of quarterly United States data we identify a negative long-run relationship between inflation and the markup of price on unit costs on the one hand and with the markup on marginal costs o...

This paper argues that non-colluding price setting firms in an uncertain economic environment will set a ‘low’ markup relative to the profit maximising markup if; (a) they are uncertain of the profit maximising markup; and (b) the cost to firms of mistakenly setting a ‘high’ markup is greater than if they mistakenly set a ‘low’ markup. Furthermore, firms will set a lower markup the higher is th...

Objects and processes of music that would be marked with a markup language need to be demarcated before a markup language can be designed. This paper investigates issues to be considered for the design of an XML-based general music markup language. Most present efforts focus on CWN (Common Western Notation), yet that system addresses only a fraction of the domain of music. It is argued that a g...

Resource level metadata markup alone cannot describe the rich, granular, associative and recombinant information objects potentially contained in modern digital libraries. Today, powerful mechanisms for content and structure description of documents exists in the form of domain specific markup languages such as MatML and MathML. Mechanisms for integrating resource level markup with domain speci...

The meaning conveyed by documents and their markup often goes well beyond what can be inferred from the markup alone. It often depends on context, so that to interpret document markup adequately we must situate markup interpretation within a broader interpretive problem. Markup is just one of several sources of evidence brought to bear in processing digital documents; it must be integrated with...