Spiral inductors fabricated using a 90nm CMOS process have been characterized and analyzed. The extracted series resistance increases with frequency and temperature. The extracted resistance temperature coefficient exhibits a strong dependence on operating frequency. It gradually decreases with frequency and is different from the results using DC temperature coefficients. A single π-model is us...

In this study electrical discharge process was used to increase surface wear resistance of pure aluminum. Pulse-on-time and pulse current were considered as input parameters of the electrical discharge process. Experimental results reveal that the electrical discharge process is a successful method for improving the surface wear resistance of aluminum, so that this method has greatly increased ...

The local head loss of tee could be calculated with the determination of local resistance coefficient by CFD simulation and test. Based on the mesh-independent feature identified, the flow field inner tee was numerically simulated by the standard k ε turbulent model and SIMPLEC algorithms, which has revealed the mainstream was obliged to turn to the opposite side of tee junction, and a rise in ...

Large excess resistance noise has been observed in small conductors surrounded by air. The conductor resistance was found to have a well-defined average power spectral density over the observed frequency range from 10-4 Hz to 200 Hz, and the dependence of the noise was measured as a function of bias current, temperature, temperature coefficient of resistance, spatial correlation, and state of t...

Train energy-efficient operation problem applies the optimal control theory to optimize the speed profile between successive stations such that the tracking energy is minimized. Traditional studies show that the optimal speed profile consists of four phases including maximum acceleration, cruising, coasting and maximum braking. Based on the assumption that the resistance coefficients are random...