A common reductionist assumption is that macro-scale behaviors can be described "bottom-up" if only sufficient details about lower-scale processes are available. The view that an "ideal" or "fundamental" physics would be sufficient to explain all macro-scale phenomena has been met with criticism from philosophers of biology. Specifically, scholars have pointed to the impossibility of deducing b...

At the micro perspectives, many studies have identified total shipment quantity, wholesale price at previous day, national holiday effect, as the variables affecting the wholesale price level of stored apple. However, the report of production volume effect at a given year on wholesale price level from the point of macro perspectives in practice, especially in agricultural industry, has been rel...

Modeling of macro-bend losses for single mode fibers with multiple cladding or coating layers is presented. Macro-bend losses for standard single mode fibers (SMF28) are investigated theoretically and experimentally, showing that the inner primary coating layer of SMF28 has a significant impact on the bend losses and most of the radiation field is absorbed in the inner primary coating layer of ...

SUMMARY Intervor is a software computing a parameter-free representation of macro-molecular interfaces, based on the alpha-complex of the atoms. Given two interacting partners, possibly with water molecules squeezed in-between them, Intervor computes an interface model which has the following characteristics: (i) it identifies the atoms of the partners which are in direct contact and those whos...

The current version of STEP standard cannot exchange the parametric information of CAD models. Only pure boundary representations that cannot be parametrically edited are transferrable. There are two approaches for the exchange of design intents such as parameters, features, and constraints. The first is an explicit approach based on constraints between pre-defined parameters and features. The ...

By making use of the MOS diode theory, the carrier, and current distribution, as well as the mobility in a MOS device is evaluated. Simple analytical expressions are used for parameters like mobility, carrier concentration, and transversal electric field. Agreement between experimental and simulated results from an LDD MOSFET and an n-well resistance is in agreement, probing this approach is su...

The Commission of the European Communities (CEC) is just working out a new directive in order to regulate the agricultural reuse of sewage sludge. This new regulation will also effect a “special case” – sludge usage in a mountainous environment – which will be discussed in this paper. Three reuse sites at small wastewater treatment plants of mountain refuges at altitudes more than 2,000 m a.s.l...

Agent based models are often described as bottom-up. Macro level phenomena emerge from the micro level interactions of agents. These macro level phenomena include fixed points, dynamic patterns, and long transients. In this paper, I explore the link between micro level characteristics – learning rules, diversity, network structure, and externalities – and the macro level patterns they produce. ...

Agent based models are often described as bottom-up. Macro level phenomena emerge from the micro level interactions of agents. These macro level phenomena include fixed points, dynamic patterns, and long transients. In this paper, I explore the link between micro level characteristics – learning rules, diversity, network structure, and externalities – and the macro level patterns they produce. ...