PURPOSE To analyze whether lymphatic vessels can invade the normally alymphatic eye (lymphangiogenesis) in patients with malignant melanoma of the ciliary body with extraocular extension and to correlate these findings with metastasis-free survival. METHODS Ten enucleated globes with the histopathologically and immunohistochemically (S-100, HMB-45, PNL-2, and Melan-A) confirmed diagnosis of m...

Highly metastatic and chemotherapy-resistant properties of malignant melanomas stand as challenging barriers to successful treatment; yet, themechanisms responsible for their aggressive characteristics are not fully defined. We show that a distinct population expressing CD133 (Prominin-1), which is highly enriched after administration of a chemotherapeutic drug, dacarbazine, has enhanced metast...

Highly metastatic and chemotherapy-resistant properties of malignant melanomas stand as challenging barriers to successful treatment; yet, the mechanisms responsible for their aggressive characteristics are not fully defined. We show that a distinct population expressing CD133 (Prominin-1), which is highly enriched after administration of a chemotherapeutic drug, dacarbazine, has enhanced metas...

The concept of the retrograde lymphatic spread of cancer cells appears to account for a subset of the essential mechanisms of cancer metastasis in various organs. However, no adequate data currently exist to illustrate the pathology of the retrograde lymphatic metastasis of cancer cells in human bodies. To shed light on this phenomenon, we report a case of a 63-year-old Japanese man who underwe...

Cancer cells escape a tumor by two primary routes—blood vessels and lymphatic vessels—to establish distant metastases. Thus, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that blocking the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) and lymphatic vessels (lymphangiogenesis) will inhibit hematogenic and lymphogenic metastases, respectively. An impressive array of preclinical studies has demonstrated prevent...

Cancer cells escape a tumor by two primary routes—blood vessels and lymphatic vessels—to establish distant metastases. Thus, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that blocking the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) and lymphatic vessels (lymphangiogenesis) will inhibit hematogenic and lymphogenic metastases, respectively. An impressive array of preclinical studies has demonstrated prevent...

endometrial cancer generally carries a good prognosis. endometrial carcinoma more frequently metastasizes to the pelvic and para-aortic nodes. visceral metastases usually occur in the vagina and ovaries. distant metastases involve lungs and occur as a terminal event. this case report describes vulvalar metastasis of endometrial cancer to the clitoris. metastatic tumors of the vulva are rare. mo...

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between lymphatic vessel density in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and regional metastasis. METHODS Intratumoral and peritumoral lymphatic densities (ILDs and PLDs, respectively) were determined by immunohistochemical staining of lymphatic endothelial cells with podoplanin in 62 patients surgically treated for tongue c...

The poor prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is mainly attributed to higher lymphatic-related metastatic ability. Whether the loss of expression of the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is associated with lymphatic-related metastasis needs elucidation. In the present study, we assessed the mRNA and protein level of PTEN in ESCC by qRT-PCR and immu...