Although a T-dependent antibody response (TDAR) assay is generally recommended as the first-line immune function assay in nonclinical immunotoxicity evaluation, second-line assays such as delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to measure cell-mediated responses can provide helpful additional information. In this study, male Cynomolgus monkeys were injected intramuscularly either once or twice with...

Elemental sulfur cathodes for lithium/sulfur cells are still in the stage of intensive research due to their unsatisfactory capacity retention and cyclability. The undesired capacity degradation upon cycling originates from gradual diffusion of lithium polysulfides out of the cathode region. To prevent losses of certain intermediate soluble species and extend lifespan of cells, the effective en...

Aluminum hydroxide is a compound with diverse crystalline structures, some of which demonstrate the ability to remove chemicals from aqueous solutions. In this research, aluminum hydroxide with the Bayerite structure was synthesized and used to remove Citric Acid (CA). This structure was not modified under the reaction conditions where CA ranged from 2 to 6 mg of CA in 20 mL of water, the t...

Background: Several adjuvants have been evaluated for vaccine formulations but alu-minum salts will continue to be used for many years due to their safety, low cost and adjuvanticity with different antigens. Two commonly used aluminum adjuvants, alumi-num hydroxide and aluminum phosphate have different adjuvanticity properties. Com-mercial recombinant protein hepatitis B vaccines containing alu...

abstract aims: chemical precipitation is a simple, efficient, and cost-effective method for eliminating heavy metals found in landfill leachate. the aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy rates of cadmium removal with the coagulants like poly aluminum chloride and lime using chemical precipitation method. materials & methods: in this experimental study, the raw studied samples wer...

Carbon nanospheres (CNSs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as nanoadditives were used to modify lithium hydroxide monohydrate for low temperature chemical heat storage application. The lithium hydroxide monohydrate particles were well dispersed on the nanoscale level, and the diameter of nanoparticles was about 20–30 nm in the case of the carbon nanospheres and 50–100 nm the case of t...

BACKGROUND In 1997, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses caused outbreaks of disease in domestic poultry markets in Hong Kong. The virus has also been detected in infected poultry in Europe and Africa. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a heterologous vaccine administered with and without the aluminum hydroxide adjuvant in ferrets challenged wit...

Sodium pyrophosphate (pyro-P, Na4P2O7), sodium tripolyphosphate (tripoly-P, Na5P3O10), and sodium hexametaphosphate (meta-P, (NaPO3)6) were selected as the model compounds of condensed phosphate to investigate the adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide. The adsorption was found to be endothermic and divisible into two stages: (1) fast adsorption within 1 h; and (2) slo...