This article was written based on the key concept of polysystem theory which, in translating any literary text, emphasizes the transference of the social systems in which a text is embedded. As stated by Tynjanov (1978a), polysystem theory saw translated literature as a system operating in the larger social systems of the target text. Thus, the task of understanding as well as transferring such...

Applied Literature, however, does not have literature at its centre. Literature in this domain is a tool to solve problems and achieve goals. Using literature to teach and learn languages, the application of literature to language education, is a very handy example. Health Humanities (by Crawford, et al. and reviewed by A. Ramazani in our Journal's previous issue) comprises chapters on how lite...

Literary history — like the history of any art — involves a special difficulty; it is that of reconciling a general scheme of development and a linear movement in time with the problem of the individual genius who creates new things. That has not been made easier in recent years when New Critics tried to expel the writer from the text, and then Deconstructionists called the very existence of th...

Horizon of expectations, as a core concept in Reception Aesthetics, provides a new methodological basis for literary translation. Owing to this theory, literary translation is no longer a one-way process which is text-centered and transmitted by a translator with readers passively accepting everything, but an ever-going dialogic process between translator and the literary work, and between tran...

Literature, grammar and text of all the three were related to each other. It will not function without support When we look back at Tamil Literary History, tenth eleventh centuries considered as age texts. This period demonstrated that writers more important than authors. Vaithiyanatha Desikar had written a explain Grammar said: he composed his implicit give clarification over subject which quo...

in the poetics of aristotle, art and literature are imitations of reality and all literary elements have objective representation in the real world. following the theories of ferdinand de saussure and roman jakobson and formation of new literary approaches such as structuralism, there existed a modern poetics which didn’t consider literature as an imitation of reality but introduces it as recon...

russian formalists made great changes in the literary critics in the 20th century putting forth subjects like defamiliarization and foregrounding. their purpose was to establish an independent science for studying literary works. however, they went to extremes so that they laid external factors aside and tried to find literariness solely in the text. although the holy quran is not a literary te...

We describe the general approach of a sub-project seeking to develop cognitively and socially adequate knowledge resources. Specifically, the present paper outlines a text file acquisition system that (a) allows any users to submit their digitized versions of literary texts, (b) improve their contributions at any later opportunity, and (c) encourages all users to evaluate contributed text files...