Based on its rich chemistry and broadly available raw material sources, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has become one of the most promising platform compounds for chemicals and biofuels from renewable biomass, and its production has drawn much attention in recent years. However, it is currently still facing significant technical challenges to make it economically feasible in an industrial scale. U...

The detection of chemicals from safe distances is vital in environments with potentially hazardous or explosive threats, where high sensitivity and fast detection speed are needed. Here we demonstrate standoff detection of several solids, liquids, and gases with single-beam coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. This approach utilizes a phase coherent ultrabroad-bandwidth femtosecond laser to p...

We aimed to investigate how can target and optimize pulmonary delivery distribution by changing physicochemical characteristics of instilled liquid.Therefore, we created a new liquids group: a. eligible for desired distribution within lung because of assorted physicochemical characteristics b. capable of being augmented with a broad range of chemicals inertly c. no interference on respiratory f...

Assessment of acute eye irritation potential is part of the international regulatory requirements for testing of chemicals. The objective of the CON4EI (CONsortium for in vitro Eye Irritation testing strategy) project was to develop tiered testing strategies for eye irritation assessment for all drivers of classification. A set of 80 reference chemicals (38 liquids and 42 solids) was tested wit...

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to evaluate sweet-flavored electronic cigarette (EC) liquids for the presence of diacetyl (DA) and acetyl propionyl (AP), which are chemicals approved for food use but are associated with respiratory disease when inhaled. METHODS In total, 159 samples were purchased from 36 manufacturers and retailers in 7 countries. Additionally, 3 liquids were prep...

Abstract Bioenergy is a critical part of renewable energy solution to today’s energy crisis that threatens world economic growth. Corn ethanol has been growing rapidly in the past few years. Policy-makers and researchers alike are becoming aware that corn ethanol has some serious drawbacks. It adversely impacts food prices and is harsh on soil fertility. Lignocellulosic ethanol on the other han...

a second virial coefficient correlation suitable for two different temperatures ranges, (t*)-2£180 and (t*)-2>180, where t* is rt/dhvap is presented. the equation of state can be calculated for different, complicated non-polar, and slightly polar liquid mixtures at any temperature over the range from ttp to tc and up to high pressures. the latent heat of vaporization and density at the triple p...

There is an ongoing debate regarding the potential of secondhand exposure of non-users to various chemicals from use of e-vapor products (EVPs). Room air levels of 34 chemicals (nicotine, propylene glycol (PG), glycerol, 15 carbonyl chemicals, 12 volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), and four selected trace elements) were measured where EVPs and cigarettes were used by n = 37 healthy adult tobacco...