Managing price risk with futures contracts creates liquidity risk through marking to market. Liquidity risk matters in an imperfect capital market where interim losses on a futures position have to be financed at a borrowing rate that is higher than the risk-free rate. However, the impact of liquidity risk can be mitigated using options on futures. This paper analyzes the optimal risk managemen...

The traditional Value at Risk (VaR) is a very popular tool measuring market risk, but it does not incorporate liquidity risk. This paper proposes an extended VaR model to integrate liquidity risk for intraday trading strategies using high frequency order book data. We estimate the one step ahead liquidity adjusted intraday VaR called(LAIVaR) for both bid and ask positions, considering several t...

markowitz, in his portfolio selection theory, stated that investors select their portfolios according to two criteria of risk and return. accordingly, he presented his mathematical model. one of the criticisms of this model is that while investors, practically, consider different criteria in forming their portfolios, it only considers the return mean and return standard deviation. liquidity is ...

The recent financial crisis has shown that liquidity risk is far more important and intricate than regulators had previously acknowledged. The shift from bankbased to market-based financial systems and from deferred net settlement systems to liquidity-demanding real-time gross settlement of payments explains some of the shortcomings of traditional liquidity risk management. Although liquidity r...

One of the most important lessons learned from the recent financial crisis is that liquidity risk is fundamentally different from other forms of risk such as market risk and credit risk. Liquidity risk, viewed earlier as a second order risk, is now considered a major risk class. The crisis showed us how quickly a risk which starts as a market or credit risk transforms into a liquidity event and...

Article history: Received 7 November 2013 Accepted 30 March 2014 Available online 26 April 2014 The decentralized OTC market is extremely illiquid and opaque in comparison with the exchange-listed stock market. Although liquidity risk has been well documented in the finance literature, little is known about how liquidity risk affects the stocks traded in the decentralized OTC market. In this st...

The industrial organization approach to banking is extended to analyze the effects of interbank market activity and regulatory liquidity requirements on bank behavior. A multi-stage decision situation allows for considering the interaction between credit risk and liquidity risk of banks. This interaction is found to make a risk neutral bank behave as if it were risk averse in an environment whe...

We propose a theory of credit lines provided by banks to firms as a form of monitored liquidity insurance. Bank monitoring and resulting revocations help control illiquidityseeking behavior of firms insured by credit lines. The cost of credit lines is thus greater for firms with high liquidity risk, which in turn are likely to use cash instead of credit lines. We test this implication for corpo...

Based on the premise that non-trading reflects illiquidity, we hypothesize that managers use stock splits to attract more uninformed trading so that market makers can provide liquidity services at lower costs, which increases investors’ trading propensity and improves liquidity. The improvement allows investors to face reduced liquidity risk and require a lower liquidity premium, which in turn ...