Based on the Collins integral, an analytical expression of a general Lorentz-Gauss vortex beam propagating in free space is derived, which allows one to calculate the linear momentum density of a general Lorentz-Gauss vortex beam in free space. The linear momentum density distribution of a general Lorentz-Gauss vortex beam propagating in free space is graphically demonstrated. The xand y-compon...

Electromagnetic fields can carry, besides energy, linear and angular momentum. The exchange of linear momentum with matter produces forces due to radiation pressure. That comet tails point away from the Sun because light carries linear momentum was first suggested by Kepler. A complete account of radiation pressure was developed by Poynting in 1905 in terms of electromagnetic linear momentum de...

We discuss a couple of simple quasistatic electromagnetic systems in which the density of electromagnetic linear momentum can be easily computed. The examples are also used to illustrate how the total electromagnetic linear momentum, which may also be calculated by using the vector potential, can be understood as a consequence of the violation of the action–reaction principle, because a non-nul...

• A method to calculate vibrational angular momentum level densities for linear molecules is derived. It applied small carbon clusters as case studies. The uses a recurrence relation and applicable all molecules. result of importance the description unimolecular bi-molecular reactivities. While in their ground state cannot carry around symmetry axis, presence excitations can induce deformations...

this research has been carried out to study and find a rather general description for a lone pairorbital in molecules. since the orbital parameters must be manageable in advance, and correctgeometry of the molecule (bond lengths) is depend on the appropriate lone pair description; thefsgo method including optimization has been used to obtain orbital parameters and energy. theproposed models for...

Abstract: We derive an exact expression for the radiation pressure of a quasimonochromatic plane wave incident from the free space onto the flat surface of a semi-infinite dielectric medium. In order to account for the total optical momentum (incident plus reflected) that is transferred to the dielectric, the mechanical momentum acquired by the medium must be added to the rate of flow of the el...