A regulated upstream monopolist supplies an essential input to firms in a downstream market. Non-price discrimination or sabotage becomes a concern when the upstream monopolist vertically integrates downstream. This article develops a simulation algorithm to determine the likelihood that discrimination will arise in equilibrium using data from the US long-distance market. Based on 1000 random d...

in order to assess the satellite data for soil investigation, aster digital data 20 june 2006, field study and phisiochemical properties of soil, were analyzed. all landcover classes including soils are classified based onmorphological and physico-chemical characteristics. images were geocorrected and photomorphic units were selected based upon visual interpretation and sampling in study area. ...

BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a complex worldwide public health problem. There is scarce research on the independent effect on IPV exerted by structural factors such as labour and economic policies, economic inequalities and gender inequality. OBJECTIVE To analyse the association, in Spain, between contextual variables of regional unemployment and income inequali...

In order to assess the satellite data for soil investigation, ASTER digital data 20 June 2006, field study and phisiochemical properties of soil, were analyzed. All landcover classes including soils are classified based onmorphological and physico-chemical characteristics. Images were geocorrected and photomorphic units were selected based upon visual interpretation and sampling in study area. ...

Current models of attention, typically claim that vision and audition are limited by a common attentional resource which means that visual performance should be adversely affected by a concurrent auditory task and vice versa. Here, we test this implication by measuring auditory (pitch) and visual (contrast) thresholds in conjunction with cross-modal secondary tasks and find that no such interfe...

The normalized maximum likelihood (NML) is a recent penalized likelihood that has properties that justify de ning the amount of discrimination information (DI) in the data supporting an alternative hypothesis over a null hypothesis as the logarithm of an NML ratio, namely, the alternative hypothesis NML divided by the null hypothesis NML. The resulting DI, like the Bayes factor but unlike the p...

This paper criticizes the view that discrimination limits the disadvantaged sex to undertaking housework and thus ensures that gains from specialization at the household level are not wasted. Our framework gives attention to causal links between labor market discrimination and the strategic behavior of women and men within families. We consider a repeated family bargaining model that links the ...

We propose an analogy to eye witness line-up in order to compute calibrated likelihood ratios for speaker recognition, by including the target model in an identification trial with a cohort of foils. Expressions for the likelihood ratio as a function of cohort size, identification rank and system ROC performance are derived, and some properties of the likelihood ratio function are discussed. Th...

In this paper, we propose a novel two step shape classification approach consisting of a description and a discrimination phase. In the description phase, curvature features are extracted from the shape and are utilized to build a Hidden Markov Model (HMM). The HMM provides a robust Maximum Likelihood (ML) description of the shape. In the discrimination phase, a weighted likelihood discriminant...