the people’s republic of china is an ever rising world power and islamic republic of iran is one of the most powerful countries in the persian gulf region. the ever increasing world needs for oil and the role of iran and persian gulf in satisfying this need has made these relations more significant. the foreign policy of the fifth generation of leadership in people’s republic of china towards t...

l Social security costs are rising (as a result of inflation, high unemployment rates, aging populations, and program liberalizations) at the same time as economic growth in these countries is declining; and l Cost control should be intensified in the areas of health care, benefit indexing, and program administration, while a reexamination of financing mechanisms is necessary to ensure a stable...

BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is frequent and is associated with poor outcomes, including increased mortality, higher risk of chronic kidney disease, and prolonged hospital lengths of stay. The epidemiology of AKI mainly derives from studies performed in Western high-income countries. More limited data are available from Western low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) located in C...

LETTERS Do I need to be an endocrinologist to diagnose Cushing's disease? Around October 1999, while playing cricket after a long time, I fell down for no apparent reason. The same event happened a month later. Being mainly concerned about unexplained falls, I sought help from neurological colleagues. Two neurologists examined me and both reassured me: " your exam is normal and there is nothing...

Since Carlsen and co-workers reported in 1992 that sperm counts have decreased during the second half of the last century in Western societies, there has been widespread anxiety about the adverse effects of environmental pollutants on human fecundity. The Carlsen report was followed by several re-analyses of their data set and by many studies on time trends in sperm quality and on secular trend...

Phytoestrogens, plant food components with estrogen-like biological properties, are hypothesized to contribute to the 5-fold lower breast cancer incidence in Asian compared with Western countries (1). Isoflavones comprise the phytoestrogens most abundant in soy, the traditional staple food in Asia, and a recent meta-analysis concluded that there was a slight reduction in premenopausal breast ca...

BACKGROUND Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) is a common cause of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in adults in Western countries. In 2012, the KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) working group published guidelines for the management of glomerulonephritis, thus providing a template for the treatment of this condition. While being aware of the impact of the clinicians' acumen and that...

Phytoestrogens, plant food components with estrogen-like biological properties, are hypothesized to contribute to the 5-fold lower breast cancer incidence in Asian compared with Western countries (1). Isoflavones comprise the phytoestrogens most abundant in soy, the traditional staple food in Asia, and a recent meta-analysis concluded that there was a slight reduction in premenopausal breast ca...

compared to western countries, pancreatic cancer has a relatively low incidence in iran. it is rarely diagnosed before the fifth decade in iran and most of the patients are older than 60 at the time of diagnosis like to the western countries, where pancreatic cancer is a disease of advanced age. the incidence of the disease in some young patients suggests a possible role of genetic defects, whi...