Inverse Transient Analysis (ITA) is a powerful approach for leak detection of pipelines. When the pipe transient flow is analyzed in frequency domain the ITA is called Inverse Frequency Response Analysis (IFRA). To implement an IFRA for leak detection, a transient state is initiated in the pipe by fast closure of the downstream end valve. Then, the pressure time history at the valve location is...

Hepatobiliary scintigraphy is a sensitive method for intra & extera hepatic bile leak diagnosis. Bile lead may be seen after hepatobiliary surgery, trauma, inflammatory disease or malignant neoplasms. Although sonography and CT scanning are useful for diagnosis of peritoneal or perihepatic fluid, they cannot prove bile ascites. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy with Tc-99m-IDA agents is a physio...