Cell migration requires sustained forward movement of the plasma membrane at the cell's front or "leading edge." To date, researchers have uncovered four distinct ways of extending the membrane at the leading edge. In lamellipodia and filopodia, actin polymerization directly pushes the plasma membrane forward, whereas in invadopodia, actin polymerization couples with the extracellular delivery ...

Hypersonic leading-edge separation is studied toward understanding the varying shock-related unsteadiness with freestream Reynolds number ( $$1.66 \times 10^5 \le \text{Re}_D 5.85 10^5$$ ) in newly constructed hypersonic Ludwieg tunnel (HLT) at a design Mach of $$M_\infty =6.0$$ . An axisymmetric flat-face cylinder base body diameter $$D=35$$ mm fitted axial protrusions different fineness $$d/D...