DPR is required by law to determine a copper leach rate for antifouling paint pesticides for the protection of aquatic environments. Five scenarios representing various levels of copper loading were defined. For each scenario, a leach rate was calculated by the MAM-PEC model that limits dissolved copper concentrations in the marina to below the California saltwater chronic water quality standar...

Wireless sensor network is defined as the network composed of tiny and energy restricted sensor nodes. Sensor nodes collect the useful information from surrounding environment and deliver it to the base station. Sensor nodes have limited energy. Routing protocols must consume minimum energy in order to prolong the network lifetime. Clustering is most energy efficient technique. LEACH is one of ...

Wireless Sensors Networks (WSNs) have a big application in heterogeneous networks. In this paper, we propose and evaluate Advanced Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (Ad-LEACH) which is static clustering based heterogeneous routing protocol. The complete network field is first divided into static clusters and then in each cluster separate Ad-LEACH protocol is applied. Our proposed protoco...

Wireless sensor networks are extensively used in different fields, including severe and harsh environments such as battlegrounds, volcanic areas, healthcare, so on. The major constraint of WSNs is the limited power supply, which impacts lifecycle entire network. Clustering a performing method to optimize consumption extend lifetime WSNs. LEACH considered first classical clustering protocol ener...

A new energy aware routing protocol to optimize energy consumption and prolong network lifetime for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) had been proposed in this paper. Cluster based routing techniques like the conventional Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) are used to achieve scalable solutions and extend the network lifetime until the last node dies. Improved Energy Efficient LEACH...

LEACH is the most popular clastering algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). However, it has two main drawbacks, including random selection of cluster heads, and direct communication of cluster heads with the sink. This paper aims to introduce a new centralized cluster-based routing protocol named LEACH-AEC (LEACH with Adaptive Energy Consumption), which guarantees to generate balanced cl...

A new energy aware routing protocol to optimize energy consumption and prolong network lifetime for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) had been proposed in this paper. Cluster based routing techniques like the conventional Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) are used to achieve scalable solutions and extend the network lifetime until the last node dies. Improved Energy Efficient LEACH...

There is tremendous increase in popularity of WSNs as the sensor network connects the virtual world and physical world together. Sensors nodes can be deployed in hostile environment where there is no access of human beings. Sensor nodes rely on battery power where it becomes a difficult task to replace the battery. So to improve the networks energy is very important task. To overcome this probl...