Wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of tiny sensor nodes with sensing, computation and wireless communication capabilities. Now a day, it is finding wide applicability and increasing deployment, as it enables reliable monitoring and analysis of environment. Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awaren...

LEACH protocol is considered the best in the WSN protocols in extending the network lifetime and reduces energy loss, but LEACH suffers from the problem of the correct distribution of the nodes correlation with CHs. In this paper, we propose an improved protocol called LEACH-Z(LEACH zones), this protocol improves the distribution of clusters by making the clusters near the base station(BS) larg...

Wireless sensor network comprises of small sensor nodes with limited resources. Clustered networks have been proposed in many researches to reduce the power consumption in sensor networks. LEACH is one of the most interested techniques that offer an efficient way to minimize the power consumption in sensor networks. However, due to the characteristics of restricted resources and operation in a ...

-----------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------------------Sensor nodes can be used for continuous sensing, location sensing and event detection with the help of different types of sensors such as seismic, thermal, visual, infrared, magnetic, and many gaseous sensors. Sensor networks have wide range of applications...

Wireless sensor network (WSN) requires robust and energy efficient communication protocols to minimise the energy consumption as much as possible. However, the lifetime of sensor network reduces due to the adverse impacts caused by channel fading and interference in WSN. A cluster based cooperative multi input multi output (MIMO) routing scheme is proposed as a solution for this problem. Two MI...

Aeration improves the capacity of leachfields to decontaminate and reduce the nutrient load of wastewater. To gain a better understanding of the effects of aeration, we examined the faunal and microbial communities of septic system leachfield soil (0–4 and 4–13 cm) using replicated (n 5 3) mesocosms that were actively aerated (AIR) or unaerated (LEACH). Protozoa were 40 to 140 times more abunda...

the effect on sugar beets of water and nitrogen movement in the soil under different water conditions was assessed over two years (2000-1) at the khorasan agricultural research center. three water treatments (no water stress, continuous stress and primary stress) and three n amounts (80, 160 and 240 kg n/ha) were investigated. the amount of moisture depletion in the water treatments was 50%, 80...

Wireless sensor networks are composed of numerous small charge, little power devices with sensing, local processing and wireless communication capabilities. Minimizing energy consumption and maximizing network lifespan are significant issues in the design of routing protocols for sensor networks. In this paper, we analyses the efficiency of LEACH protocol in extending the existence for energy-c...

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of various homogeneous or heterogeneous sensor nodes deployed over an area. The most challenging issue in wireless sensor network research is its routing protocols as the sensors have limited power so protocols should be like it consumes less energy during active mode. To increase lifetime of a sensor network is to design protocols in such a way that it m...

Wireless Sensor Networks are networks composed of large number of tiny, batter dependent sensor nodes comprising of restricted on-board storage, processing and radio potentials. Nodes sense the information from the surroundings around them and forward it to the central node which is labelled as Base Station. In view of the fact that the nodes consume lots of energy for this processing of data, ...