Objectives: The spontaneous language sample analysis is an important part of the language assessment protocol. Language samples give us useful information about how children use language in the natural situations of daily life. The purpose of this study was to compare Conversation, Freeplay, and narrative speech in aspects of Mean Length of Utterance (MLU), Type-token ratio (TTR), and the numbe...

We study position sampling in a two-way nondeterministic finite automaton (2NFA) to measure information flow between state variables, based on the information-theoretic sampling technique proposed in [20]. We prove that for a 2NFA, the language generated by position sampling is regular. We also show that for a 2NFA, we can effectively find a vector of sampling positions that maximizes informati...

A classic debate in cognitive science revolves around understanding how children learn complex linguistic patterns, such as restrictions on verb alternations and contractions, without negative evidence. Recently, probabilistic models of language learning have been applied to this problem, framing it as a statistical inference from a random sample of sentences. These probabilistic models predict...

Despite having impressive vision-language (VL) pretraining with BERT-based encoder for VL understanding, the of a universal encoder-decoder both understanding and generation remains challenging. The difficulty originates from inherently different peculiarities two disciplines, e.g., tasks capitalize on unrestricted message passing across modalities, while only employ visual-to-textual passing. ...