The mathematics models of Reliability-based Structural Optimization (RBSO) were presented in this paper, then how to handle the constraint become sixty-four-dollar question of establishing the fitness function. Based on exterior penalty function method, penalty gene is made adaptively according to population’s evolution, then the fitness function is established, which is mapping formula of obje...

One of the well-known problems in evolutionary search for solving optimization problem is the premature convergence. The general constrained optimization techniques such as hybrid evolutionary programming, two{phase evolutionary programming, and Evolian algorithms are not safe from the same problem in the rst phase. To overcome this problem, we apply the sharing function to the Evolian algorith...

This paper discusses a method of stabilizing Lagrange multiplier fields used to couple thin immersed shell structures and surrounding fluids. The method retains essential conservation properties by stabilizing only the portion of the constraint orthogonal to a coarse multiplier space. This stabilization can easily be applied within iterative methods or semi-implicit time integrators that avoid ...

where λ is the Lagrange multiplier and ψ = 0 the holonomic constraint. The first practical algorithm for constrained dynamics was called SHAKE [3]. In this algorithm the Lagrange multiplier was calculated from the viewpoint, that no exact discrete solution could be obtained. Thus the constraints were satisfied by inserting the discrete propagator into the holonomic constraint, ψ(t+ h) = 0. This...

In this paper we present a fixprice model in which private and public consumption show some degree of substitution. We offer formulae for the Keynesian multiplier which depend on this degree of substitution. We also show that there is a Pigou effect and that, sometimes, this effect is larger than the Keynesian multiplier. * The author acknowledges comments from Alberto Alonso and financial supp...